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CPC Study Guide > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blephar/o

A

eyelid

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2
Q

Bucc/o

A

cheek

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3
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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4
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

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5
Q

cyst/o

A

a fluid sac or pouch, urinary bladder

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6
Q

Derm/o

A

skin

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7
Q

Encephal/o

A

brain

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8
Q

Enter/o

A

intestine

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9
Q

Hem/o

A

blood

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10
Q

Hemat/o

A

blood

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11
Q

My/o

A

muscle

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12
Q

Myel/o

A

spinal cord, bone marrow

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13
Q

Onycho

A

nail

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14
Q

Oste/o

A

bone

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15
Q

Phleb/o

A

vein

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16
Q

Pulm/o

A

lungs

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17
Q

Pulmon/o

A

lungs

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18
Q

Synov/i

A

synovial fluid, joint or membrane

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19
Q

Word Root

A

Word part that holds the fundamental meaning of the medical term.

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20
Q

Prefix

A

Typically attached to the beginning of a word to modify or alter it’s meaning. Prefixes often indicate location, time, or number.

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21
Q

Ab-

A

away from

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22
Q

Ad-

A

toward, near

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23
Q

Ante-

A

before

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24
Q

Ec-

A

out, outside

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25
Q

Ecto-

A

out, outside

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26
Q

End/o

A

in, within

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27
Q

Mon/o

A

one

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28
Q

Poly-

A

many, much

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29
Q

Post-

A

after, behind

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30
Q

Suffix

A

Attached to the end of a word to modify or alter it’s meaning. Suffixes frequently indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease.

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31
Q

-centesis

A

puncture, tap

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32
Q

-desis

A

binding, fusion

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33
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, surgical removal

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34
Q

-graphy

A

act of recording data

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35
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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36
Q

-plasty

A

plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction

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37
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

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38
Q

Anatomical Position

A

upright, face-forward position with the arms by the side and palms facing forward. The feet are parallel and slightly apart.

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39
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

toward the front of the body

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40
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward the back of the body

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41
Q

Medial

A

toward the mid-line of the body

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42
Q

Lateral

A

toward the side of the body

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43
Q

Proximal

A

nearer to the point of attachment of to a given reference point.

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44
Q

Distal

A

farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point

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45
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Above; toward the head

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46
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Below; toward the lower end of the spine

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47
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Closer to the surface of the body

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48
Q

Deep (internal)

A

Closer to the center of the body

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49
Q

Sagittal

A

Cuts through the mid-line of the boy from front to back, dividing the body into right and left sections

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50
Q

Frontal (coronal)

A

cuts at a right angle to the mid-line, from side to side, dividing the body into front(anterior) and back (posterior) sections

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51
Q

traverse (horizontal) (axial)

A

Cuts horizontally through the body, separating the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections.

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52
Q

cell

A

the cell is the basic unit of all living things

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53
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar cells performing a specific task

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54
Q

Connective Tissue

A

divided into 4 general groups: adipose tissue, cartilage, bone and blood.

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55
Q

Organs

A

two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions.

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56
Q

Systems

A

groups of organs that work together to perform complex body functions.

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57
Q

cranial cavity

A

a space inside the skull, or cranium, containing the brain

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58
Q

spinal (vertebral) cavity

A

the space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord

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59
Q

thoracic (chest) cavity

A

space containing the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and thymus.

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60
Q

abdominal cavity

A

space containing the lowest portion of the esophagus, the stomach, intestines (excluding the sigmoid colon, and rectum), kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and uterus.

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61
Q

pelvic cavity

A

space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of the large intestine, and the rectum.

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62
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

line the interior walls of the organs and tubes that open to the outside of the body, such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems.

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63
Q

Serous Membranes

A

line the cavities, including the thoracic cavity and internal organs. The lungs are covered by he pleura the heard is covered by the pericardium; the peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs with it.

64
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

line joint cavities and are composed of connective tissue. They secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity so that bones can move freely.

65
Q

Meninges

A

composed of three connective tssue membranes found within the dorsal cavity and serve as a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. From the outer layer to the inner layer are dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

66
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

the skin; forms the outer covering of the body

67
Q

Integumentary System

A

the largest organ system in the body and is comprised of the skin, hair, and nails.

68
Q

Epidermis

A

Top layer of skin, comprised of four to five layers of stratum.

69
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

also called horny layer; outermost layer

70
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Clear layer. The stratum lucidum layer is normally found only on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

71
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

granular layer of cells They accumulate two types of granules; keratohyaline granules and lamellated granules

72
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

composed of prickle cells

73
Q

Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)

A

Deepest of the five layers, made of basal cells.

74
Q

Dermis

A

located just under the epidermis, comprised of 2 layers of stratum.
Contains vessels carrying blood and lymph, nerves and nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles.
Lies on the subcutaneous tissue.

75
Q

Stratum Papillare

A

thin superficial layer interlocked with the epidermis

76
Q

Stratum Reticulare

A

thick layer of dense, irregular connective tissue

77
Q

hypodermis

A

subcutaneous tissue, composed mostly of fatty or adipose tissue. Not considered part of the skin.

78
Q

papilla

A

the base of the hair follicle, bulb-like projection

79
Q

erector pili

A

muscle that attaches to the outer sheath and causes the hair to stand up when it contracts.

80
Q

hair shaft

A

composed of keratin in three layers: medulla, cortex and cuticle. Pigment cells in the cortex and medulla give hair it’s characteristic color.

81
Q

Two parts to hair

A

the follicle and the shaft

82
Q

Six parts to nails

A

the root, the nail bed, the nail plate, the cuticle, the perionychium and the hyponychium.

83
Q

root

A

Also called germinal matrix, lies beneath the skin behind the fingernail and extends several millimeters into the finger.

84
Q

lunula

A

the white, crescent-shaped structure at the edge of the nail bed.

85
Q

nail bed

A

called the sterile matrix, extends from the edge of the lunula to the hypnychium. Contains the blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes.

86
Q

nail plate

A

the actual fingernail, made of translucent keratin.

87
Q

cuticle

A

eponychium, between the skin of the finger and the nail plate that fuses the skin of the finger to the nail plate.

88
Q

perionychium

A

also known as the paronychial edge, It is the skin that overlies the nail plate on its sides.

89
Q

hyponychium

A

the juntion between the free edge of the nail and the skin.

90
Q

Bones

A

Form the skeleton, support the body, and protect vital organs, while also creating blood cells and storing calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium salts.

91
Q

Long or Tubular bones

A

Named for their elongated shape (femur and humerus)

92
Q

Short or Cuboidal

A

Cube-shaped bones found in the carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle.

93
Q

Sesamoid

A

a short bone formed within the tendons, such as the patella.

94
Q

Flat

A

consist of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone.

95
Q

irregular

A

examples include the zygoma and vertebrae.

96
Q

Bone Fractures

A 
Closed Fracture
Compound Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
Transverse Fracture
Greenstick Fracture
Spiral Fracture
Colles' Fracure
Compression Fracture
Epihyseal Fracture
97
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Does not involve a break in the skin

98
Q

Compound Fracture

A

Projects through the skin increasing the possibility of infection.

99
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

More than two separate bone components - Segmental fracture, bony fragments

100
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Breaks the shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis.

101
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Where only one side of shaft is broken, and the other is bent; common in chidren

102
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Spread along the length of bone and produced by twisting stress

103
Q

Colles’ Fracture

A

Occurs in the wrist and affects the distal radius bone

104
Q

Compression Fracture

A

Occurs in vertebrae and is subject to extreme stress

105
Q

Epiphyseal Fracture

A

Occurs where the matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying; usually seen in children.

106
Q

Cartilage

A

non-vascular, flexible, connective tissue matrix made of chondrocytes, collagen, and glycosylated protein called proteoglycan

107
Q

Joints

A

provide a connection between two or more skeletal parts.

108
Q

3 types of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.

109
Q

2 Parts of the Human Skeleton

A

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

110
Q

Axial Skeleton

A 
Consists of:
Skull
Hyoid and cervical spine (neck)
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Sacrum
111
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Shoulder Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Extremities

112
Q

3 Types of Muscles

A

Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle

113
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

also called striated muscle, attached to the skeleton; contraction of skeletal muscle is under voluntary control

114
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart). Its contraction reduces the size of these structures; movement generally is considered involuntary (not under voluntary control)

115
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

also called heart muscle, makes up the wall of the heart.

116
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

117
Q

Arteries

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Vessels get smaller and turn into arterioles as they go into the extremities. Eventually they comprise the arterial side of the capillary bed.

118
Q

Veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The venous side of the circulation begins in the venous side of the capillary bed, enlarging to form venules and eventually forming veins.

119
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny vessels, usually a single cell layer thick. They are semi-permeable and facilitate the exchange of fluids, oxygen, nutrients, and wast between local tissues and the blood stream.

120
Q

heart pumps blood to 2 distinct systems for circulation

A

deoxygenated blood

oxygenated blood

121
Q

3 layers of the heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

122
Q

Epidcardium

A

the outer layer of the heart

123
Q

Myocardium

A

the main muscle of the heart. The tissues allow electrical impulses to pass quickly across the muscle fibers as part of the heart’s unique electrical conduction system.

124
Q

Endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart

125
Q

pericardial sac

A

the heart is enclosed in a double-wall lining, which prevents the heart from rubbing against other organs or body structures as it beats.

126
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Comprised of lymph vessels and nodes. The system serves to collect excess fluid from the interstitial spaces and returns it to the heart The venous end of the capillaries into the interstitial space; the lymph picks up any excess fluid.

127
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

Lymphatic Capillaries are closed off at one end. After the lymph fluid is picked up, it is circulated to these increasingly larger lymph vessels. They empty their contents into either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct, situated in the thoracic cavity.

128
Q

Spleen

A

Filters and destroys red blood cells that are no longer efficient. It serves as a blood-forming organ early in life, and then as a storage unit for extra red blood cells and platelets.

129
Q

Thymus

A

bi-lobed organ located in the neck and extends int the thorax. After puberty it starts to atrophy gradually. The thymus is responsible for T-lymphocyte maturation, enabling them to function against specific pathogens in the immune response.

130
Q

Tonsils

A

partially encapsulated lymphoid tissue in the throat. They are named according to their location:
palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils (referred to as the adenoids if enlarged).

131
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

Found in the lining of the intestine and contain high levels of white blood cells, which help fight infection and disease.

132
Q

Appendix

A

a mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine. It helps to protect against invading microorganisms.

133
Q

The Parts of the Respiratory System

A

Nose, naval cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi and their smaller branches, the lungs, and alveoli

134
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx (air passageway), oropharynx (air and food passageway) and laryngopharynx (air and food passageway)

135
Q

larynx

A

Voicebox; also helps provide an open (patent) airway and to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels.

136
Q

Trachea

A

in the mediastinal region and spits into two bronchi (at the carina) which enter the lungs.

137
Q

Lungs

A

Divided into lobes; the right lung has 3 lobes and the left lunch has two lobes.

138
Q

bronchioles

A

the airways on the smallest branch of the bronchial tree. Each of these narrow further until they end in a tiny pouch called an aveolar sac.

139
Q

Alveolar Sac

A

Gasses are exchanged across the single-cell layer of tissue comprising the alveolar sac into the pulmonary circulation. Capillaries from the pulmonary circulation form a bed around each alveoli; gas is exchanged between the alveoli and the capillaries via diffusion.

140
Q

Cardiac Orifice

A

The opening of the stomach.

141
Q

Fundus

A

The rounded upper portion of the stomach.

142
Q

Body of the Stomach

A

The main portion of the stomach

143
Q

pyloric antrum

A

the lower portion of the stomact.

144
Q

Duodenum

A

the first 1/3 of the small intestine

145
Q

Jenjunum

A

The second 1/3 of the small intestine

146
Q

ileum

A

The distal 1/3 of the small intestine

147
Q

Large Intestine

A

begins after the ileocecal valve at the cecum, with the appendix at the bottom

148
Q

4 portions of the colon

A

Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon

149
Q

Ancillary Organs that are part of the digestive system

A

Pancreas, liver and gallbladder

150
Q

pancreas

A

produces digestive enzymes that are secreted in the intestines

151
Q

gall bladder

A

stores bile (which helps digest fat)

152
Q

Liver

A

stores bile that is produced in the gall bladder.

153
Q

The Parts of the Urinary System

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

154
Q

Male Reproductiive System

A

External genitalia: testes, epididymis, scrotum and penis
Internal organs include: prostrate gland, seminal vesicle and Cowper’s glands.
The tubes and ducts of the system: vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and the urethra.

155
Q

Female Reproductive System

A

External genitalia: vulva, labia majora and minora, clitoris, external opening of the vagina (intoitus) opening of the urethra (urinary meatus), Skene’s gladns (found on either side of the urinary meatus), Bartholin’s glands (found on either side of the introitus)
Internal organs include: vagina, uterus, two Fallopian tubes and two ovaries.

156
Q

Nervous System

A

Functions as both a central nervous system and central intelligence for the body. It regulates bodily functions, provides for an internal method of communication between the brain and other organs as well as between the organism and the environment.

CPC Study Guide (2 decks)

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