Chapter 2- 3 Exam review Flashcards
the region’s curved shape and the richness of its land led scholars to call it the Fertile Crescent
Fertile Crescent
includes the lands facing the Mediterranean Sea and a plain
Mesopotamia
each city and the surrounding land it controlled
city-state
a series of rulers from a single family
dynasty
a process in which a new idea or a product spreads from one culture to another
cultural diffusion
the belief in more than one god
polytheism
by taking control f both northern and southern Mesopotamia, Sargon crested the world’s first empire
empire
The Babylonian Empire reached its peak during the reign of Hammurabi
Hammurabi
begins about 100 miles before the river enters the Mediterranean
delta
more solid evidence points to a king
Narmer
the Egyptian god-kings
pharaoh
this type of government in which role is based on religions authority
theocracy
for the kings of the old kingdom, the resting place after death was an immense structure
pyramid
involves embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying
mummification
simple pictographs were the earliest form of writing in Egypt, but Scribes quickly developed a more flexible writing system
hieroglyphic
a paper-like material used for writing
papyrus
artifact
these items might hint at how people dressed and what work they did or how they worshipped
culture
a people’s unique way of life
hominid
humans and other creatures that walk upright
Paleolithic age
the earlier and longer part of the Stone Age lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 bc
neolithic age
began about 8000 bc and eded as early as 3000 bc in some areas, learned polish stone tools make pottery grow crops and raise animals
technology
ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs
Homo sapiens
the species name for modern humans
What do you think is the most significant advance by a hominid group?
the first humanlike creature to walk upright by the Australopithecines
What clues do bones and artifacts give about early peoples?
Bones and artifacts give clues about early people because these items might hint at to how people dressed, what they did, or how they worshipped.
What were the major achievements in human history during the Old Stone Age?
The major achievements in human history during the Old Stone Age is the invention tools, mastery over fire, and the development of language.
How did Neanderthals and Homo sapiens differ from earlier peoples?
Neanderthals and Homo sapiens differ from earlier peoples they are more developed whereas the earlier people were not.
nomad
highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food
hunter-gatherers
Nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods
neolithic revolution
(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.
slash-and-burn farming
a farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil
domestication
the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food
civilizations
a complex culture with advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, improved technology
specialization
the developments of skills in a specific kind of work
artisan
skilled workers who make goods by hand
institution
a long lasting pattern of organization in a community
scribe
professional record keepers
cuneiform
“wedged-shaped”
Bronze Age
the time when people began using bronze, rather than copper and stone, to fashion tools and weapons
barter
trading goods and services without money
ziggurat
“Mountain of God”
Which characteristics is the most important for development of civilizations? Why?
Complex institutions is the most important for development because a system of ruling or a government it is important to have.
How did the social structure of village life change as the economy became more complex?
social changes, more land
What role did irrigation systems play in the development of civilizations?
it allowed people to become artisans and make goods since there is a surplus of food.
What are the key traits of civilization?
art, city, specialization, religion, writing, and government.
Phoenicians
a group of ancient people who developed an alphabet and sailed the Mediterranean Sea
Isrealites
a group of people who followed Abraham and united into Israel
Diaspora
the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel
untouchables
lowest social class in India, these people were considered the most impure because of their work
Hittites
an Indo-European group of people who settled in Asia minor and were known for iron production
4 Noble Truths
all life involves suffering, desire is the cause of suffering, elimination of desire brings the end to suffering, and disciplined life conducted in accordance with the Eight-fold Path brings elimination of desire
Steppes
a treeless grassland
brahmins
Aryan priests
castes
Social classes of the Aryans in India
monotheism
The worship of one god
covenant
An agreement between God and his people.
exodus
the departure of the Israelites from Egypt
Judaism
the religion of the Hebrews founded by Abraham
Ark of the Covenant
a sacred chest containing the tablets that were inscribed with the Ten Commandments
tribute
peace money paid by a weaker power to a stronger power
Babylonian Captivity
the time when Israel and Judah were taken over by Babylon
Indo-Europeans
groups of nomadic peoples who came from the steppes in Europe to Asia
Aryans
an Indo-European group of people who settled in India
Minoans
a group of seafarers that lived on the island of Crete
King Minos
a Minoan king rumored to own a minotaur
Abraham
the founder/father of Judaism
Yahweh
the Jewish name for God
Moses
led the Hebrews out of Egypt and received the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai
Saul
the first king of Israel; drove out the Philistines.
David
the second king of Israel; established Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
Solomon
the third king of Israel; built a great temple.
Anatolia
located in Asia Minor and was where the Hittites occupies
Crete
island off the coast of Greece and was where the Minoans lived
Knossos
the Minoan capital city
Vedas and Upanishads
Sacred writings of Hinduism
Canaan
the promised land of the Hebrews
Jerusalem
the capital of Israel, also known as the city of David
Judah
kingdom south of Israel that was established as a result of Solomon’s rule
Moksha
Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism.
Mahabharata
a great epic of India that reflects the struggles that took place in India as the Aryans moved south
Torah
the Jewish term for the first five books of the bible
8 fold path
the path of life followed by Buddhists to reach nirvana
Dharma
In Hindu belief, a person’s religious and moral duties
Siddhartha Gautama
Founder of Buddhism
