chapter 2 & 3 Flashcards
Ecumene
the portion of the earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement
non-ecumene
the portion of the earths surface that isn’t permanently occupied by human settlement.
four sparsely populated lands and why?
dry lands: to hot and dry for farming
wet lands: too wet and hot soil. nutrients are taken away. no good for farming
cold lands: too cold for crops and animals to survive
high lands: temperatures and precipitation is too low
arithmetic density
total number of objects in and area
physiological density
the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
what occurs the higher the rate of physiological density
more pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food
agricultural density
ratio of te number of farmers to the amount of arable land
CBR
total number of live births in a year for every 1,000
CDR
total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000
NIR
percentage by which a population increases in a year
today’s NIR
1.2
NIR peak
1963
2.2%
how many people are being added to the world each year
about 80 million
Doubling Time
number of years needed to double a population
what regions is most growth occurring
sub saharan africa south asia east asia south east asia latin america middle east
TFR
total fertility rate
measures the number of births a women can have throughout her childbearing years
high and low TFR
high: sub saharan africa
low: europe
IMR
infant mortality rate
total number of deaths in a year among infants
Life Expectancy
average number of years an individual can be expected to live
mortality in developing and developed countries
IMR is high in LDCs and the life expectancy is low in LDCs.
IMR is low in MDCs and life expectancy is high in MDCs.
Demographic Transition
process with several stages and every country is in one of those stages
Stage 1
low growth
high CBR and high CDR
NIR is almost zero
Stage 2
high growth CDR goes down CBR stayed the same NIR was very high (industrial revolution, medical revolution)
Stage 3
moderate growth
CBR drops by a lot.
CDR still dropping
NIR is still safe because the CBR is still higher than the CDR
Stage 4
Low growth
CBR matches CDR
NIR CLOSE TO ZERO
ZPG
Zero Population Growth
shape of a population pyramid is determined by what?
the CDR in the community
Dependency Ratio
the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the people in their productive years
what age groups are categorized as dependent
0-14 & 65+
what is the grating population
older people who must receive adequate levels of income and medical care after they retire
Sex Ratio
number of males per a hundred females i. the populations
stage two ex
cape verde
stage three ex
chile
stage four ex
denmark
first big break
drop in death rate
medical advances
second big break
drop in birth rate
change in social customs
Emigration
migration from a location
Immigration
migration to a location
push factors
make people move out of a location
pull factors
attract people to a location
Three major push and pull factors
Economic stability
cultural freedom
and environmental comfort
intervening obstacle
environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
International Migration
permanent movement from one country to another
Internal migration
permanent movement within the same country.
types of push factors responsible for voluntary migration
economic improvement
push factors responsible for forced migration
cultural factors business related reasons
migration transition applied to demographic transition
stage 1: high daily or seasonal mobility
less permanent
stage 2: international migration interregional migration stage 3&4: internal migration intraregional
in what stage of demographic transition are most countries that send out immigrants.
stage two
what are three countries that recently sent out most immigrants from asia
china
philippines
india
what caused immigrating from latin america to us to increase
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
distributed thousands of visas to undocumented immigrants
undocumented immigrants
people who enter a country without proper documents
where do most undocumented immigrants in the us. come from
mexico
What did the Quota Act(1921) and the National Origins Act(1924) do
limited the number of people that could immigrate to the united states from each country in one year period
Immigration Act 1965
hemisphere quotas instead of individual countries. Eastern hemisphere allowed 170,000 and 120,000 from the western
1978
global quota
290,000
20,00 per country
currently 620,000
maximum of 7% per country
us immigration laws give preferences to three groups
reunify families
skilled workers
luck draw from countries that have few people in the us
Brain Drain
large scale emigration by talented people
Guest worker
workers who migrate to the MDCs of i search of higher paying jobs
famous ex of large scale migration in us
opening of the American West
population center
average location of everyone in the country
first intervening obstacle
Great plains
appalachian
what transportation development encouraged settlement in mississippi
canals
how did railroad encourage settlement to the american interior
land was sold to farmers
paid for railroad
farmer shipped goods on trains
why have people been migrating to the south
job opportunities
environmental conditions
urbanization
migration from rural to urban
suburbanization
movement from cities to suburbs
counterurbanization
net migration from urban to rural
