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Psychology Unit 3 Chapter 2&3 Revision > Chapter 2&3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2&3 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of consciousness?

A

Personal- your unique understanding
Selective- you choose what you attend to
Continuous- never empty, no beginning or end
Changing- new info continually coming into our awareness

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1
Q

Define consciousness

A

The awareness of objects & events in the external world, and of our own existence & internal mental processes at any given moment

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2
Q

Consciousness can be described as ranging along a what?

A

Continuum

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3
Q

The continuum of conscious ranges from what?

A

Total awareness to complete lack of awareness, with many states in between

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4
Q

Are there distinct boundaries between the different states of the continuum?

A

No

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5
Q

Starting from total awareness, name the 8 main states of consciousness to complete lack of awareness

A
  • Focused/selective attention (controlled processes)
  • Divided attention (automatic processes)
  • Day dreaming
  • Meditative state
  • Hypnotized
  • Asleep
  • Anaesthetized
  • Unconscious/coma
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6
Q

Most times consciousness is classified as what?

A

Either normal waking conscious or altered state of consciousness

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7
Q

What does normal waking consciousness refer to?

A 
The states of conscious of being awake & alert and aware of:
•thoughts
•feelings
•memories
•sensations
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8
Q

What are 2 characteristics of perceptions in NWC?

A

Perceptions are
•organised
•real

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9
Q

During a waking day, our states of consciousness shifts between what?

A

Different NWC states

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10
Q

What is an altered state of consciousness?

A 
Any state of consciousness that is distinctly different from NWC in terms of distortions/changes in levels of:
•awareness
•intensity of sensations
•thoughts
•perceptions
•feelings
•memories
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11
Q

What are the two ways and ASC can occur?

A

Naturally- eg in sleep

Be induced- eg meditation/alcohol

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12
Q

What are ASCs categorised by?

A

A change in brain wave patterns

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13
Q

What are the 8 qualities that differentiate the different SOCs?

A
  • awareness
  • attention
  • content limitations
  • sensations/perceptions
  • cognitive distortions
  • emotions
  • self control
  • time perception
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14
Q

Describe the characteristic of awareness in NWC compared to ASC

A

NWC- aware of surroundings/alert end of continuum

ASC- little awareness/further down continuum

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15
Q

Describe the characteristic of attention in NWC compared to ASC

A

NWC- high level

ASC- less/distorted

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16
Q

Describe the characteristic of content limitations in NWC compared to ASC

A

NWC- organised/logical, restricted by selective attention

ASC- less organised/logical, less control over what enters

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17
Q

Describe the characteristic of sensations/perceptions in NWC compared to ASC

A

NWC- normal

ASC- dull/distorted, loss of identity

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18
Q

Describe the characteristic of cognitive distortions in NWC compared to ASC

A

NWC- normal, logical thinking

ASC- less organised, distortions

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19
Q

Describe the characteristic of emotions in NWC compared to ASC

A

NWC- normal, appropriate

ASC- altered, inappropriate

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20
Q

Describe the characteristic of self control in NWC compared to ASC

A

NWC- can be maintained

ASC- unable to maintain

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21
Q

Describe the characteristic of time perception in NWC compared to ASC

A

NWC- normal estimation, aware of past, present and future

ASC- distorted estimation, either sped up or slowed down

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22
Q

What does attention refer to?

A

Concentration or a mental activity, involving focusing on certain stimuli, while ignoring others

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23
Q

What are the two types of attention?

A

Selective/focused attention

Divided attention

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24
Q

What does selective attention refer to?

A

Selectively attending to certain stimuli while ignoring others

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25
Q

What is limited during the use of this attention?

A

Consciousness content

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26
Q

What level of mental effort & consciousness is required in selective attention?

A

High mental effort, high level of consciousness

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27
Q

What is selective attention influenced by?

A

Personally important stimuli
Changes in stimulation
New stimulus

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28
Q

What processes are involved in selective attention?

A

Controlled processes

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29
Q

What does divided attention refer to?

A

Undertaking 2 or more activities simultaneously

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30
Q

What level of mental effort and consciousness is required in divided attention?

A

Little mental effort, lower level of consciousness

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31
Q

What is divided attention influenced by?

A

Complexity of the task

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32
Q

What processes are involved in divided attention?

A

Automatic processes

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33
Q

What do controlled processes involve?

A

Tasks requiring conscious, alert awareness & mental effort

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34
Q

What characteristics are involved in controlled processes?

A

Serial- one activity at a time

Difficult, unfamiliar tasks

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35
Q

What do automatic processes involve?

A

Handling 2 or more activities at the same time, involves little conscious awareness/mental effort, minimal attention

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36
Q

What is a characteristic of automatic processes?

A

It does not interfere with the performance of other activities

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37
Q

What is daydreaming?

A

A shift of attention from external stimuli to internal thoughts, feelings and imagined scenarios

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38
Q

When is daydreaming most likely to occur?

A

When stationary

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39
Q

Is an individual usually aware or unaware of the shift of attention when daydreaming?

A

Unaware

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40
Q

What brain waves are involved in a daydream?

A

Alpha brain waves

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41
Q

In an alcohol induced state, where may impairments/distortions occur?

A 
Attention span
Perceptions
Thinking
Memory
Reaction times are slower
Self awareness reduced
Emotional awareness
Self control
Perception of time
Coordination loss
Performance on complex tasks
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42
Q

In an ASC, a common psychology characteristic reported is changes in openness to what?

A

Suggestibility

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43
Q

What methods can be used to study levels of alertness in NWC?

A
  • electrical activity of the brain (brain waves, using an EEG)
  • heart rate
  • body temp
  • GSR (galvanic skin response)
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44
Q

Can these methods be used in isolation?

A

No

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45
Q

What does EEG stand for and what does it do?

A

Electroencephalograph- a device that detects, amplifies and records general patterns of brain electrical activity

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46
Q

What can the brain waves vary in?

A

Frequency- how many waves/second

Amplitude- size of the peaks

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47
Q

Describe the pattern of beta waves

A

High frequency, low amplitude

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48
Q

Which SOCs are involved with beta waves?

A

Awake & alert

REM sleep state

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49
Q

Describe the pattern of alpha waves

A 
Medium frequency (lower than beta)
Low amplitude (higher than beta)
Overall irregular pattern
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50
Q

Which SOCs are involved with alpha waves?

A

Awake & relaxed
Daydreaming
Meditating

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51
Q

Describe the pattern of theta waves

A 
Medium frequency (lower than alpha)
Low amplitude (higher than alpha)
Irregular pattern (with sleep spindles, k complex)
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52
Q

Which SOCs are involved with theta waves?

A

Light sleep- NREM stages 1&2 and early NREM stage 3

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53
Q

Describe the pattern of delta waves

A

Low frequency, high amplitude

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54
Q

What SOCs are involved with delta waves?

A

Deep sleep- NREM later stage 3 and only stage 4

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55
Q

As we move from alert & awake NWC states to deep stages of sleep, what happens to the frequency and amplitude of brain waves?

A

Frequency decreases and amplitude increases

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56
Q

What is heart rate measured by?

A

An electrocardiogram (ECG). A device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the heart muscles

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57
Q

When may heart rate be increased from NWC?

A

When using stimulants

58
Q

When May heart rate be decreased from NWC?

A

When asleep, unconscious or meditating

59
Q

How is body temperature measured?

A

Using a thermometer

60
Q

Is body temperature more or less variable than heart rate?

A

Less variable, stays around the same

61
Q

How much does body temp drop during sleep?

A

About 1 degree celcius

62
Q

What does GSR stand for?

A

Galvanic skin response

63
Q

What is the GSR?

A

The electrical resistance of the skins surface to an electrical current (electrical conductivity of the skin)

64
Q

Where are the electrodes of a GSR placed?

A

To the palm or finger

65
Q

What changes can be detected by the GSR?

A

Changes in emotional reactions

66
Q

An increase in what triggers an increase in electrical conductivity of the skin/GSR reading?

A

Sweat

67
Q

High arousal of what can cause an increase in sweat?

A

High emotional arousal

68
Q

The GSR can detect what changes?

A

Changes in emotional reactions in different SOCs

69
Q

What is sleep?

A

An ASC
Loss of conscious awareness
A naturally occurring phenomenon

70
Q

What does a sleep laboratory involve?

A

Polysomnography- an intensive study of a sleeping person involved simultaneous monitoring and recording of various physiological responses of the sleeper during the course of the night

71
Q

What kind of data are the data sources for sleep labs?

A

Quantitative

72
Q

What are some of the different data sources used in sleep labs?

A 
Sleep records (no. of hours)
EEG brain waves
EMG electrical signals from muscles 
EOG eye movements
Skin/body temp 
Concentration of O2 in blood 
Video cameras 
Respiration rate
Heart rate
Blood pressure
GSR
73
Q

Can measurements be made without waking the subject?

A

Yes

74
Q

To obtain qualitative data from the individual what must happen?

A

The individual is woken to describe their experience (self reports, sleep diaries)

75
Q

What are the 6 physiological measures of sleep?

A 
EEG
EMG
EOG
Heart rate/body temp
Video monitoring
Self reports
76
Q

What is an EMG and what does it do?

A

Electromyograph- a device that detects amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles

77
Q

Where are the electrodes of the EMG placed?

A

Attached to the chin, neck and leg muscles

78
Q

What does an EMG indicate?

A

Changes in muscle activity (movement) and muscle tone (tension)

79
Q

What is the term referring to a muscle spasm during sleep?

A

Hypnic jerk

80
Q

Does a Hypnic jerk usually occur in lighter or deeper sleep?

A

Lighter sleep

81
Q

When there is no muscle tension, what kind of sleep is the individual in?

A

REM sleep

82
Q

What is this called?

A

Muscle atonia- the individual is ‘paralysed’ from the neck down

83
Q

What is an EOG and what does it do?

A

Electrooculargraph- a device that detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles controlling eye movements

84
Q

Where are the electrodes of the EOG placed?

A

Attached to areas of the face surrounding the eyes

85
Q

When is the EOG especially useful?

A

When dreaming

86
Q

In a typical 8 hours of sleep, we experience what 2 types of sleep?

A

REM- rapid eye movement

NREM- non rapid eye movement

87
Q

How many continuous cycles of REM/NREM sleep occur in a typical 8 hour sleep?

A

4-5 cycles

88
Q

How is one cycle made?

A

A period of REM sleep follows each NREM period

89
Q

When we first fall asleep are we in NREM or REM sleep?

A

NREM before REM

90
Q

As the night progresses, which stages of NREM do we see less of?

A

Stages 3 & 4

91
Q

What happens to REM periods as we get closer to wakening?

A

They get longer

92
Q

How long does a complete NREM cycle last?

A

70-90 minutes

93
Q

What percentage of sleep time is taken up by NREM sleep?

A

80%

94
Q

How many stages of NREM are there? What are these characterised by?

A

4 stages, characterised by different EEG recordings (brain wave patterns)

95
Q

Describe the waves experienced in stage 1 NREM sleep

A

Alpha waves decrease, replaced by theta waves

96
Q

What do we gradually lose awareness of during stage 1 NREM sleep?

A

Internal and external stimuli

97
Q

What may we experience during stage 1 NREM sleep?

A

A Hypnic jerk

98
Q

How long does stage 1 NREM sleep last?

A

5-10 minutes

99
Q

Describe the brain waves experienced during stage 2 NREM sleep

A

Mainly theta waves

100
Q

What are two characteristics unique to this stage?

A

Sleep spindles- burst of high frequency waves

K complex- spike of high amplitude waves

101
Q

How long does stage 2 NREM sleep last?

A

Around 20 minutes

102
Q

In the early stages of stage 2 NREM sleep, we can still respond to what?

A

External stimuli

103
Q

Stage 3 NREM sleep marks the start of what?

A

The deepest period of sleep

104
Q

Describe the brain wave patterns experienced in stage 3 NREM sleep

A

Delta waves appear and replace theta waves

105
Q

How long does stage 3 NREM sleep last for?

A

Around 30 minutes

106
Q

Stage 4 NREM sleep is classified as what?

A

The deepest stage of sleep, very hard to waken as muscles are completely relaxed

107
Q

Describe the heartbeat and respiration in stage 4 NREM sleep

A

Regular slow heartbeat, slow rhythmic respiration

108
Q

Describe the brain wave patterns experienced in stage 4 NREM sleep

A

Delta waves dominate

109
Q

What stage does sleepwalking occur in?

A

Stage 4 NREM sleep

110
Q

Which brain waves indicate a deep sleep?

A

Theta and delta

111
Q

What are the two characteristics of paradoxical sleep?

A

Externally- inactive

Internally- highly active

112
Q

Describe brain wave patterns experienced in REM asleep

A

Beta waves, similar to alert wakefulness, but while in a deep sleep (brain is very active)

113
Q

How does the internal functioning in REM sleep compare to that of NREM?

A

Internal functioning is more active in REM- increased heart rate, blood pressure and respiration

114
Q

When does most dreaming occur?

A

In REM sleep- 80% of dreaming occurs

115
Q

How do dreams experienced in REM sleep compare to dreams experienced in NREM sleep?

A

Dreams in REM sleep are vivid, longer and clearer than that in NREM sleep

116
Q

In an 8hour sleep, how many hours of REM sleep do we have?

A

1-2 hours

117
Q

How is total sleep affected as we age?

A

We have less total sleep as we age

118
Q

At what age is NREM sleep greatest?

A

2-3 years of age

119
Q

REM sleep at birth is ___% compared to adults at ___%

A

50, 20

120
Q

An adolescent requires how many hours of nightly sleep?

A

9 hours

121
Q

During adolescent, what is there a shift in?

A

The biological clock, it is forward by 1-2 hours making them sleep 1-2 hours later and needing to sleep 1-2 hours longer

122
Q

What are some causes of the shift in the biological clock in adolescents?

A

Homework demands, socialising, internet, puberty hormones

123
Q

This nightly sleep loss can accumulate as what?

A

A sleep debt

124
Q

What does sleep deprivation involve?

A

Lack of sleep leading to lethargy, irritability, loss of concentration, headaches and difficulty completing low level tasks

125
Q

Where does most information on sleep deprivation come from and why?

A

Animals, for ethical reasons research can’t be done on humans

126
Q

If humans are used for sleep deprivation what 3 ethical principles are followed?

A

Informed consent
Right to withdraw
Immediate termination it signs of psychological/physiological distress

127
Q

What long lasting effects are a result of prolonged PARTIAL sleep deprivation?

A

There are no long lasting effects

128
Q

What are some psychological effects of prolonged partial sleep deprivation?

A

Lapses in attention
Low level of motivation
Difficultly making decisions

129
Q

What are some physiological effects of prolonged partial sleep deprivation?

A

Tiredness
Lack of energy
Slower reaction time

130
Q

What are some immediate psychological effects of total sleep deprivation?

A

Anxiety
Depression
Hallucinations

131
Q

What are some immediate physiological effects of total sleep deprivation?

A

Slurred speech
Increased sensitivity to pain
Impaired immune system functioning

132
Q

Why is total sleep deprivation difficult to measure?

A

Individuals involuntarily drift into microsleeps

133
Q

What is a microsleep?

A

Short periods of drowsiness/sleeping occurring while apparently awake
No recollection of happening

134
Q

After sleep deprivation how long will we sleep longer for?

A

2-3 nights

135
Q

What is the REM rebound and when is it experienced?

A

Spending more time than normal in REM than NREM to make up for missed REM. This occurs when sleeping after being sleep deprived

136
Q

What are the two theories of the purpose of sleep?

A

Restoration theory and survival theory

137
Q

What does the restoration theory propose?

A

The purpose of sleep is for the body to replenish stores of energy, repair of damaged cells, detoxify muscles, growth and development

138
Q

What is the evidence of the restoration theory?

A

Sleep lab studies: relaxed muscles, slow heart rate and respiration, ins crease in release of growth hormone (body repair)

139
Q

What is the purpose of NREM and REM as proposed by the restoration theory?

A

NREM- restore & repair body

REM- restore brain & consolidate memory

140
Q

What is a criticism of the restoration theory?

A

The need for sleep does not disappear following physical rest

141
Q

What does the survival theory propose?

A

The purpose of sleep is to protect organisms through making it inactive during the part of the day when it is most risky or dangerous to move about

142
Q

What is the evidence of the survival theory?

A

Animals with few predators sleep longer

143
Q

What is a criticism of the survival theory?

A

Sleep involves loss of awareness/consciousness which could mean a greater risk to predators

Psychology Unit 3 Chapter 2&3 Revision (1 decks)

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