Chapter 2 & 3

Question 1

Raw scores

Answer 1

data points that have yet to be transformed or analyzed

Question 2

Frequency distribution

Answer 2

describes the pattern of a set of numbers by displaying a count or proportion for each possible value of a variable

Question 3

Frequency table

Answer 3

visual depiction of data that shows how often each value occurred

Question 4

Outlier

Answer 4

an extreme score that is either very high or very low in comparison with the rest of the scores in the sample

Question 5

Grouped frequency table

Answer 5

visual depiction of data that reports the frequencies within a given interval rather than the frequencies for a specific value

Question 6

When to use grouped frequency table

Answer 6

when data can go to many decimal places or when data can cover a wider range

Question 7

Histogram

Answer 7

a graph that looks like a bar graph but depicts just 1 variable, usually based on scale data, with its values on the x-axis and frequencies on the y-axis

Question 8

Bar graph vs. histogram

Answer 8

bar graphs provide scores for nominal data relative to a scale variable while histograms provide frequencies for a scale variable

Question 9

Normal distribution

Answer 9

a specific frequency distribution that is a bell-shaped, symmetric, unimodal curve

Question 10

Skewed distributions

Answer 10

distributions in which one of the tails of the distribution is pulled away from the center

Question 11

Positively skewed

Answer 11

tail of the distribution extends to the right, in a positive direction; sometimes occurs when there is a floor effect

Question 12

Floor effect

Answer 12

situation in which a constraint prevents a variable from taking on values below a certain point

Question 13

Ceiling effect

Answer 13

situation in which a constraint prevents a variable from taking on values above a given number

Question 14

Scatterplot

Answer 14

a graph that depicts the relationship between 2 scale variables

Question 15

3 stories told by a scatterplot

Answer 15

no relation, linear relation (positive or negative), and nonlinear relation

Question 16

Line graph

Answer 16

graph used to illustrate the relation between 2 scale variables; line of best fit can be constructed from a scatterplot, representing the predicted y score for each x value; can also show changes in the y-axis values over time

Question 17

Time plot or time series plot

Answer 17

graph that plots a scale variable on the y-axis as it changes over an increment of time on the x-axis

Question 18

Bar graph

Answer 18

IV is nominal or ordinal and the DV is scale with the height of each bar representing the average value of the DV for each category

Question 19

Pareto chart

Answer 19

type of bar graph in which the categories along the x-axis are ordered from highest bar on the left to lowest bar on the right

Question 20

Cut marks

Answer 20

double slashes on axes that indicate they don’t go down to 0

Question 21

Dot plot

Answer 21

graph that displays each data point in a sample, with the range of scores along the x-axis and a dot for each data point above the appropriate value; no y-axis

Question 22

Pictorial graph

Answer 22

typically used for an IV with very few levels, each represented by a picture or symbol, and a scale DV

Question 23

Pie chart

Answer 23

graph in the shape of a circle where the size of each slice represents the proportion of each level/category of the IV

Question 24

Chartjunk

Answer 24

any unnecessary information or feature in a graph that detracts from a viewer’s ability to understand data

Question 25

3 forms of chartjunk

Answer 25

moiré vibrations, a grid, and ducks

Question 26

Moiré vibrations

Answer 26

any visual patterns that create a distracting impression of vibration and movement; recommended to use shades of gray instead

Question 27

Grid

Answer 27

a background pattern on which the data representations are superimposed; should only be used for hand-drawn drafts or be lightly visible

Question 28

Ducks

Answer 28

features of the data that have been dressed up to be something other than the data; data in costume

Question 29

Computer defaults

Answer 29

options that the software designer has preselected; built-in decisions that the software automatically implements unless you instruct it otherwise

Question 30

Geographic information systems (GIS)

Answer 30

software that enables computer programmers to link internet-based data to internet-based maps

Question 31

Word clouds

Answer 31

type of graph that provides information on the most popular words used in a specific text, with size representing their frequencies

Question 32

Violin plots

Answer 32

an innovative type of graph shaped like a violin that includes information about a distribution’s middle score and overall variability