Chapter 2. / 3

Question 1

What is priming?

Answer 1

Activating concepts or stereotypes of thoughts relevant to the things

Question 2

Characteristics that activate automatic behaviour

Answer 2

1. behaviour of others

2. automatic activation of goals

Question 3

Indirect variables (distal variables)

Answer 3

Only influence behaviour through the effect they have on the direct variables

Question 4

Person’s behaviour is decided by three determinants:

Answer 4

1. Intention
2. Skills
3. Environmental constraints
   - -> only if all these conditions met, behaviour occur

Question 5

By which determinants is ‘intention’ directly influenced?

Answer 5

1. Attitude: person’s evaluation of behaviour (postitve/negative)
2. Perceived norm: normative (what person think that others may believe), descriptive (relate to what others in the same situation will do)
3. Efficacy beliefs: “Do I think I can perform this behaviour?”

Question 6

Four functions of attitude

Answer 6

• instrumental function: human tendency to be attracted to oibjects that make lives more agreeable
• knowledge function: summary evaluation of an object based on all kinds of properties
• ego defensive function: positive image of themselves, people want to feel better than others
• value-expressive function: your likes and dislikes help to show others what you consider important values

Question 7

implicit attitudes

Answer 7

automatic association people have between an object and an evuluation. Based on early experiences with the attitude objection emotions.

Question 8

Explicit attitudes

Answer 8

Result of a rational deliberation process. Cognitive considerations more based on beliefs.

Question 9

Three fundamentals of attitudes

Answer 9

1. attitudes and beliefs
   - Accuracy: correct/incorrct
   - certainty: of a belief
2. attitudes and emotions (affects)
   - valence: degree to which attitude promotes or hinders achieving a value
   - intensity: indication of object’s interest: how strong is emotion
3. attitudes and behaviour
   - cognitive dissonance
   - selfperception

Question 10

What is mere exposure effect?

Answer 10

Phenomenon that even one or more superficial observations of a particular object can already influence people’s judgment about it.

Question 11

Influential information-process, steps:

Answer 11

1. Attention to the message
2. Comprehend the message
3. Accept the message

Question 12

Determinants of curiosity

Answer 12

1. Deprivation: actively seek information, i we are aware that we do not have specific knowledge.
2. Interest: need to hear or learn something new. Do not feel they lack relevant knowledge.

Question 13

Four phases in the development of individual interests:

Answer 13

1. Triggered situational interest (suprising, personal relevance, intensity of message)
2. Maintained situational interest
3. Acuire knowledge and dvelop positive feeling towards the topic
4. Differs from 3 steps in terms of amount of knowledge and positive feelings

Question 14

Two models distinguishing two types of acceptance process. The underlying principle

Answer 14

people wnat to have the right attitudes; is important that their evaluation of objects or behaviours is correct.

Question 15

Factors whereas the likelihood of elaboration depends (central route)

Answer 15

1. motivation
   - personal relevance
   - personality: people with higher cognition
2. Capacity (ability)
   - prioir knowledge (biased / unbiased)
   - cognitive ability: if people have deficit, more challenging to allocate higher cogintive effort into processing message
3. opportunity
   - distractive elements
   - competing pressures

Question 16

Forms of involvement

Answer 16

• impression-relevant: people judge each other by the attitude they process
• outcome-relevant: readers have a lot of gain by having the correct attitude
• value-relevant: topic of text is strongly linked to a vlaue that is important to the reader