Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The World Health Organization defines health as the state of complete _____, ______ and ______ well-being.
A
Physical, Mental, Social
2
Q
When the human body is being studied by using planes, what do we call the position it is in?
A
Anatomical Position
3
Q
In regards to studying the body, what is the purpose of a plane?
A
It is an imaginary flat surface that divided the body into two parts.
4
Q
How many types of body planes are there?
A
Three
5
Q
What is the plane that divides the body into front and back sections?
A
Coronal Plane or Frontal Plane
6
Q
The coronal plane is named after what?
A
The Coronal Structure in the cranium.
7
Q
The anterior or ventral section of the body is referring to what?
A
The front of the body.
8
Q
The back of the body can be referred to be either ____ or ____.
A
Dorsal section or posterior section.
Get it, dorsal fins?
9
Q
When the body is laying face down, what is it called?
A
Being in prone position.
10
Q
When the body is laying on its back, what is that position called?
A
Dorsal position or dorsal supine position.
11
Q
Moving in an anterior direction (anteriorly) means what?
A
You are moving towards the front of the body.
12
Q
What is the term for moving towards the back of the body?
A
Posterior direction, or posteriorly.
13
Q
What does it mean if you are moving in an anteroposterior direction?
A
That you are going from the outside of the body through the front, then through to the back side of the body.
14
Q
If the direction moves from the outside of the body through the back, and then out of the front, what it is it called?
A
Posteroanterior (PA) direction.
15
Q
What plane divides the body into right and left sections?
A
Sagittal plane.
16
Q
For what part of the body is the sagittal plane named after?
A
Sagittal suture in the cranium.
17
Q
If the sagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right parts, what is that imaginary line called?
A
A midsagittal plane, also referred to as the midline of the body.
18
Q
Moving from either side of the body towards the midline, it is called moving in a ______ direction.
A
Medial (also called moving medially).
19
Q
Moving in a lateral direction refers to what?
A
Moving from the medline towards either sides of the body.
20
Q
Bilateral indicates?
A
Both sides of a body.
21
Q
What is the transverse plane?
A
Divides the body into upper and lower halves.
22
Q
What are the proper names for referring to the “upper” and “lower” halves in a transversal plane?
A
Superior and Anterior, respectively.
23
Q
Moving towards the superior of the head is called what?
A
Superior direction (superiorly) or cephalad direction.
24
Q
What is the opposite of moving in a cephalad direction? (i.e.; away from the head)
A
Caudad direction or moving in an anterior direction (anteriorly).
25
Moving in a distal direction refers to what?
Moving from the trunk of the body towards an extremity (limb).
26
Moving from a limb towards the trunk of the body is called what?
Moving proximally/in a proximal direction.
27
External or superficial is referring to what?
Structures on the outside of the body.
28
Structures on the inside of the body are called _____ or ____.
Internal or deep.
29
What is a cavity in its broadest definition?
An hollow space.
30
What surrounds a cavity that support and protects what is within it?
Bones or muscles.
31
The cranial cavity is found where?
Within the cranium.
32
What is inside the cranial cavity?
The brain, cranial nerves and related structures.
33
The continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels down the midline of the back is called ______.
The spinal cavity, or spinal canal.
34
The spinal cavity is within what structure?
The bones of the spine.
35
What does the spinal cavity include?
The spinal cord, spinal nerves and other related structures.
36
What cavity in the body includes the lungs?
The thoracic cavity.
37
The thoracic cavity is within the chest, and it is protected/supported by the ______ anteriorly, the ______ bilaterally, and the _______ posteriorly.
Breast bone (sternum); ribs; spinal bones.
38
Where can the mediastinum be found?
Within the thoracic cavity.
39
What structures are found in the mediastinum?
The trachea, esophagus, heart and related structures.
40
What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
The diaphragm.
41
The abdominal cavity is found within the abdomen (obvs), and it is surrounded by what structures? (Name their placement around the cavity as well)
Diaphragm superiorly, the abdomen wall anteriorly, and the bones of the spine posteriorly.
42
What structure is surrounded by the hip bones anteriorly AND bilaterally?
The pelvic cavity.
43
The reason that the abdominal and pelvic cavity can be combined into one cavity, the abdominopelvic cavity, is because of what?
The fact it has no separating structure in it, resulting in one continuous cavity.
44
The abdominopelvic cavity contains many organs, all from which three bodily systems?
Gastrointestinal, reproductive and urinary systems.
45
What is the purpose of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants and regions?
As a helpful reference during physical examination of the internal organs.
46
There are ____ quadrants or ____ regions of the _____ abdominopelvic cavity.
Four; nine; anterior.
47
What does umbilicus mean?
The navel, which serves as the middle of the four quadrants.
48
What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic area? (Acronyms are okay!)
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ) and left lower quadrant (LLQ)..
49
The liver can be found in which quadrant?
RUQ
50
What can be found in the LUQ?
The stomach.
51
The" top row" of the nine regions are called what? (Go from left to right as if looking at a body)
Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, and left hypochondriac region.
52
The "middle row" of the nine regions are called what? (Go from left to right as if looking at a body)
Right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region.
53
What it the "bottom row" of the nine regions called? (Go from led to right as if looking at a body)
Right inguinal region, hypogastric region, left inguinal region.
54
The inguinal regions can also be called what?
Iliac regions.
55
What is the study of the structures of the human body?
Anatomy.
56
Physiology is the study of what?
The functions of the human body.
57
Tissues and organs are called what?
Macroscopic (can be seen with the naked eye).
58
How many body systems are there?
15
59
A _______ _______ includes the anatomy, the physiology, diseases and conditions, lab and diagnostic procedures, medical procedures and drugs for that body system.
Medical specialties.
60
Gastroenterology (gastrointestinal system) is the study of what?
Stomach and intestines.
61
Name five structures that fall into a gastroenterologists speciality.
```
Any of the following:
Mouth
Salivary Glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
```
62
The respiratory system's medical specialty is called what?
Pulmonology.
63
Name at least four of the structures that call into a pulmonologist's specialty.
```
Any of the following:
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
```
64
The study of the heart and its related structures is called what?
Cardiology
65
Name all four structures in the cardiovascular system.
Heart, viens, capillaires and arteries.
66
A hematologist is someone who specializes in?
Hematology (study of blood)
67
Immunology is made up of what two systems?
Blood and lymphatic systems.
68
Spleen, thymus and white blood cells are part of which bodily system?
The lymphatic system.
69
Dermatology is the study of what?
Skin and it's related structures.
70
Ligaments, and joints are structures in the medical specialty of ________.
Orthopedics.
71
Orthopedics is the knowledge and practice of producing _____ in bones and muscles.
Straightness
72
What are the six structures in Orthopedics (hint: it includes two different body systems).
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints, muscles and tendons.
73
A _______ is someone who specializes in the study of neurology.
Neurologist.
74
Dealing with sensory information and storing memories are two functions of what system?
Nervous system.
75
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra and nephrons are structures in what medical speciality?
Urology.
76
Vas deferens are part of what body system?
Male reproduction system.
77
What is the difference between a gynecologist and an obstetrician?
Gynecology deals with the knowledge of women, while obstetrics deals with the knowledge and practice of treating women while they are pregnant.
78
All the glands in the human body that secrete hormones are listed as structures under what medical specialty?
Endocrinology.
79
An ophthalmologist works exclusively with one body structure, which is ______.
Eyes
80
When you have a sinus infection, you would most likely go see a _________.
Otolaryngologist.
81
Otolaryngology is the medical specialty of what system?
ENT (Ears, Nose and Throat System)
82
Medical treatment of the mind comes from what kind of specialist?
A psychiatrist.
83
Oncology is the study of?
Dr. James Wilson (actually it's (cancerous) masses/tumors).
84
What does nuclear medicine do?
It diagnoses and treats diseases using radioactive substances
85
The speciality of teeth is called?
Dentistry.
86
A healthcare professional who deals with foods and diets is called a ________.
Dietician.
87
Pharmacology is the study of?
Medicines and drugs.
88
Neonatology is the study of?
New babies at birth.
89
A Paediatrician's only patients would be?
Children.
90
The knowledge and practice of persons in old age and their treatment is called?
Geriatrics.
91
What does the suffix "-ad" mean?
Toward, in the direction of.
92
What does the suffix "-al" mean?
Pertaining to.
93
What does the suffix "-ar" mean?
Pertaining to.
94
What does the suffix "-ary" mean?
Pertaining to.
95
What does the suffix "-atic" mean?
Pertaining to.
96
What does the suffix "-ic" mean?
Pertaining to. Again.
97
What does the suffix "-iatry" mean?
Medical treatment.
98
What does the suffix "-ics" mean?
Knowledge or practice.
99
What does the suffix "-ior" mean?
Pertaining to.
100
What does the suffix "-istry" mean?
Process relating to the speciality of.
101
What does the suffix "-ity" mean?
State; continuation.
102
What does the suffix "-ous" mean?
Pertaining to.
103
What does the suffix "-logy" mean?
The study of.
104
What does the prefix "ana-" mean?
Apart; excessive.
105
What does the prefix "endo-" mean?
Innermost; within.
106
What does the prefix "epi-" mean?
Upon; above.
107
What does the prefix "hypo-" mean?
Below; deficient.
108
What does the prefix "mid-" mean?
Middle
109
What does the prefix "re-" mean?
Again and again.
110
The healthcare speciality that focuses on keeping a person healthy is called what?
Preventive Medicine.
111
Disease is defined as what?
A change in the normal structure or function of the body.
112
The cause or origin of a disease is referred as _____.
Etiology.
113
A congenital disease is what?
Caused by an abnormality in the fetus as it develops or caused by an
abnormal process that occurs during gestation or birth.
114
A disease caused by the progressive destruction of cells due to disease or the aging process is referred to as what?
A degenerative disease.
115
An environmental disease type means the disease ______.
Caused by exposure to external substances
116
A hereditary disease is caused by what?
A spontaneous mutation in a person’s gene or chromosome; it can also be inherited by the person’s children.
117
A disease caused by medicine or treatment that was given to the patient is called?
Iatrogenic disease.
118
An idiopathic disease means?
The cause can't be discerned or confirmed.
119
A disease-causing microorganism is called a?
Pathogen
120
A communicable disease is one that someone gets though?
Being in contact with someone who is also ill.
121
A neoplastic disease is cause by what?
The new growth of either a benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor or mass
122
What disease is caused by exposure to a disease-causing agent while in the hospital environment?
A nosocomial disease.
123
Malnutrition's aetiology is what type of disease?
Nutritional.
124
What is a symptom?
Any deviation from health that is experienced or felt
| by the patient.
125
When a symptom can be seen or detected by others, it is
| known as a _____.
Sign
126
Symptomatology is the clinical picture of what?
All the patient's symptoms and signs.
127
A set of symptoms and signs associated with, and char-
| acteristic of, one particular disease is called?
A syndrome
128
Do patients have to exhibit symptoms?
No, they may be asymptomatic.
129
To fully understand the patient’s symptoms and signs, the physician does what?
Takes a history and performs a physical examination.
130
The techniques that can be used during a physical examination are what?
Inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.
131
What is percussion?
Percussion is using the finger of one hand to tap on the finger of the other hand that is spread over a body cavity. After a few taps, the hand is moved to another location. This physician is using percussion over the thoracic cavity and left lung and listening to the sound that is produced.
132
What is Auscultation?
Auscultation is using a stethoscope to listen to
| the sounds of the heart, lungs, or intestines.
133
After a history and examination, the physician makes _______ and identifies the nature and cause of the
disease or condition.
An examination.
134
An acute symptom is?
Sudden in nature and severe in intensity
135
A symptom that continues for 3 months or more is referred to as what?
Chronic
136
An _______ is a sudden worsening in the severity of the symptoms or signs.
Exacerbation
137
Subacute symptom is?
Less severe in intensity.
138
What is a temporary improvement in the symptoms and signs of a disease without the underlying disease being cured called?
A remission.
139
When the original symptoms come back to a patient from the underlying cause, it is called what?
Relapse or reoccurrence.
140
What is a sequela?
It is an abnormal condition or complication that arises because of the original disease and remains
after the original disease has resolved.
141
If the treatment is _______, the symptoms or signs of the disease disappear.
Therapeutic
142
What is the disease referred to as when treatment does not respond to treatment?
Refractory (resistant)
143
The prognosis is?
The predicted outcome of a disease.
144
Recuperation or recovery is what?
A return to the normalcy of the body's systems.
145
A permanent loss of the ability to perform certain activities or to function in a given way is called?
A disability.
146
When a patient is _____, it means they will not recover from the disease, and it will eventually be fatal.
Terminal.
147
The ______ examines the patient, orders tests (if neces-
sary), diagnoses diseases, and treats diseases by prescribing medicines or
therapy.
Physician
148
After medical school, physicians complete ______ training and select a _______ area for their medical practice
Residency; specialized
149
Surgeons are?
Physicians who complete additional training in surgical techniques.
150
(PCPs) are physicians who specialize in family
| practice or paediatrics. What does PCP stand for?
Primary care physicians.
151
A physician or doctor who is on the medical staff of a hospital and admits a patient to the hospital is known as the what?
The attending physician.
152
Physician extenders are what?
They are healthcare professionals who perform some of the duties of a physician. They examine, diagnose, and treat patients and some of them can prescribe medicines. They work under the supervision of a physi-
cian or doctor (M.D. or D.O.).
153
Physician’s assistants (PAs), nurse practitio-
ners (NPs), certified nurse midwives (CNMs), and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) are all consider to be what?
Physician extenders.
154
How many types of nurses are there, and what are their titles?
Three: registered nurse (RN), licensed practical nurse (LPN), or licensed vocational nurse (LVN).
155
Generally speaking, what do nurses do?
Nurses give hands-on care and focus on the physical and emotional needs of the patient and the family, as ordered by the physician.
156
Name at least four other types of allied medical professionals.
Any of the following:
technologists, technicians, therapists, dieticians, medical assistants, phlebotomists, dental hygienists, and audiologists.
157
A _____ is a healthcare facility that is the traditional setting for providing care for patients who are _____ ill and require medical or surgical care for longer than ______.
Hospital; acutely; 24 hours.
158
Each hospital stay begins with an ______ and ends
| with _____ from the hospital.
Admission; discharge.
159
Who is responsible for the patient's admission and discharge notes?
The patient's attending physician.
160
When the patient is in the hospital, they are referred to as what?
An inpatient.
161
_______ departments in the hospital provide additional types of services and include the radiology department, physical therapy (PT) department, dietary department, emergency department (ED) or emergency room (ER), clinical laboratory, and pharmacy.
Ancillary
162
What is one of the of the most frequently used healthcare settings?
The physician’s office
163
What is the difference between a clinic and a physician's office?
The clinic only services one type of patient or one type of disease.
164
Outpatients are what?
Patients that are not admitted and do not stay overnight, but rather are in a clinic inside a hospital (usually attached).
165
An ambulatory surgery center (ASC) is a facility that does what?
It is where minor surgery is performed and the patient does not stay overnight.
166
What is the updated name for a nursing home?
A long-term care facility.
167
A long-term care facility primary purpose is what?
It is a residential facility for older adults or those with disabilities who are unable to care for themselves.
168
Patients in a long-term facility are called what?
Residents.
169
A long-term care facility with a special
nursing unit that provides a higher level of medical and nursing care that is needed for patients who have recently been discharged from the hospital is called what?
Skilled nursing facilities (SNFs).
170
A home health agency provides what?
A range of healthcare services to persons
| (who are known as clients) in their homes.
171
A hospice is what?
An inpatient facility for patients who are dying from a terminal illness, and their physicians have certified that they have less than 6 months to live.
172
What is supportive medical and nursing care to keep the patient comfortable referred to as?
Palliative care.
