Chapter 2 Flashcards
Basic research
Studying language development primarily to generate and refine the existing knowledge base
Applied research
Studying language development to test approaches and practices that pertain to real world settings/specific problems
Enrichment
Process through which teachers clinicians and other adults provide kids with an enhance language learning environment
3 direct applications of language theory and research to practice
Enrichment, intervention and remediation, and prevention
Intervention and remediation
Programs used to help people who exhibit difficulties with some aspect of language development
Language acquisition device
Professor of linguistics Noam Chmosky’s innate species specific module dedicated to language and not other forms of learning
Normative research
Experts compile data on a certain aspect if language development and from these data determine and chart the ages by which children typically meet milestones
Operant conditioning
Concept in BF Skinners behaviorist theory that describe how behaviors are shaped by espouses to the behaviors.
Prevention
To inhibit language difficulties from emerging thus reduce the need to resolve issues later in life
Theory
Descriptive statements that provide stable explanations for a given phenomenon
Universal grammar
System of grammatical rules that are consistent in all works languages (Chomsky)
Use inspired basic research
Toe of research that concentrates on building connections between theory and practice
Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotskian theory that describes differences between a child’s actual developmental level and their potential developmental level
Domain specific
Strict modularity in the brain for language learning
Domain general
Non modularity in the brain for language learning
Nurture inspired (empiricist) theories
Humans gain all knowledge through experience. “Blank slate”
Nature inspired (nativist) theories
Much knowledge is innate and genetically transmitted
What are some nurture based theories?
Skinners behaviorist, vykotskys social interactionist, piagets cognitive, intentionality model of language acquisition, competition model, and usage based
What are some nature based theories?
Fodor’s modularity theory, universal grammar, bootstrapping theories, and connectionist theories
Skinners behaviorist theory
Learning is result if operant conditioning. Language is just like all other behaviors, adults reinforce there verbalizations
Vygotskys social interactionist theory
Importance of social interaction. Concepts are introduced first in a social context and then generalize to cognition
Piagets cognitive theory
Stages of learning/development. Language is an ability that reflects developments in other areas of growth.
Intentionality model of language acquisition
Children intentionally drive themselves to acquire language to express their needs
Competition model
Children begin to acquire the language they hear most frequently/consistently. Multiple forms compete with each other and a child must sort which one is stronger
Usage based theory
Children meant language because they have a reason to talk, corresponds with increasing capacity to engage communicatively with others
Fodor’s modularity theory
Language is innate. Brain has specific modularity for higher language processing etc.
Universal grammar theory
Noam Chomsky. Idea of grammatical rules across languages and the Language Acquisition Device
Syntactic bootstrapping
Children learn the meaning of an unfamiliar verb by examining extra linguistic cues
Bootstrapping
Children arrive at language learning with knowledge of syntactic categories and utilize it to understand the meaning of word that fill various positions in sentences
Semantic bootstrapping
Children deduce grammatical structures using word meanings that they acquire by observing events around them
Prosodic bootstrapping
Infants are sensitive to the acoustic patterns of their native language
Connectionism
Attempt to visually approximate the inner workings of the brain and model and simulate the mechanisms responsible for language growth in relationship to input
Models
Simulations composed of 2 important elements working a late get network: nodes and connections
Nodes
Simple processions units that are likened to neurons in the brain
Connections
carry input from node to node
Evidence based practice
Involves integrating theoretical knowledge with scientific inquiry to inform decision making
Genetic epistemology
The study of the development of knowledge. Piaget known for.
Egocentric speech
Children can produce a monologue but can’t respond or take turns with each other
Mean length of utterance (MLU)
A calculation if the number if morphemes per utterance used to estimate the syntactic complexity of children’s utterances
T or F discrimination can occur simply based on a persons dialect
True
Head turn preference procedure
Psycholinguistic study that shows a child’s ability to differentiate between stimuli and form a preference that they indicate by turning their head
