Chapter 2

Question 0

Diploid

Answer 0

When a cell has two sets of chromosomes.

Question 1

Haploid

Answer 1

When a cell only has one set of chromosomes.

Question 2

Genes

Answer 2

A molecular unit of heredity of DNA and RNA that codes for a polypeptide, or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism.

Question 3

Allele

Answer 3

One of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus. It is the alternative form of a gene for a character producing different effects.

Question 4

Somatic

Answer 4

Any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a genome, germ cell, gemeotype, or undifferentiated stem cell.

Question 5

Germ Line

Answer 5

The line (sequence) of germ cells that have genetic material that may be passed to a child.

Question 6

Reference Sequence

Answer 6

A digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled as a representative example of a species’ set of genes.

Question 7

Transcription

Answer 7

The first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Question 8

Translation

Answer 8

The process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins as a part of gene expression.

Question 9

Replication

Answer 9

The processor duplicating or producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand, such as DNA.

Question 10

Epigenetics

Answer 10

The study of heritable changes in the gene activity that are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence; it can also be used to describe the study of stable, long-term alterations in the transcriptional potential of a cell that are not necessarily heritable.

Question 11

Nuclear DNA

Answer 11

DNA that is organize into paired chromosomes within the nucleus of the cell. It is diploid, double-stranded, and then paired with the homogenous (nDNA).

Question 12

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 12

A polymerase made of monomers and nucleotides. Composed of sugar, phosphate backbone, and bases.

Question 13

Bases

Answer 13

There are 4: Adenine (A) that pairs with Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C) that pairs with Thymine (T) (single-ringed pyrimidines). In RNA, T is replaces with U (Uracil).

Question 14

Mitosis

Answer 14

The process by which a cell duplicates unto 2 genetically alike daughter cells. Chromosomes in the cell nucleus are separated into 2 identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus.

Question 15

Meiosis

Answer 15

A special type of cell division, necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes such as animals, plants, and fungi.

Question 16

Gamete

Answer 16

A cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually.

Question 17

Gametogenesis

Answer 17

A biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes (oogenesis in females, spermogenesis in males).

Question 18

Recombination

Answer 18

Process by which 2 DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles.

Question 19

Centimorgan

Answer 19

A unit for measuring genetic linkage. It is the distance between chromosome positions for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01.

Question 20

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 20

DNA located in the organelles called mitochondria, structures within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate.