Chapter 2

Question 1

3 main components of acute inflammation

Answer 1

1) Dilation of vessels to allow increased blood flow
2) Structural changes in microvascular to permit migration of plasma proteins and leukocytes into tissue
3) Emigration of leukocytes and their accumulation at the site of injury, and their activation to eliminate the harmful agent

Question 2

4 stimuli for acute inflammation

Answer 2

• foreign material
• infections
• tissue necrosis (e.g. from hypoxia, injury, etc)
• immune reactions (hypersensitivity)

Question 3

Examples of opsonins

Answer 3

IgG, complement (especially C3b), mannan-binding lectin

Question 4

Types of mediators of inflammation

Answer 4

1) Cell-produced ones (e.g. from neutrophils, macrophages, endothelial cells, and other cells)
2) Plasma-derived mediators (e.g. complement, kinins) produced by the liver that must be activated by cleavage once in the circulation

Question 5

Possible outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 5

• complete resolution
• healing by fibrosis
• progression to chronic inflammation

Question 6

When might a fibrinous exudate occur?

Answer 6

• large vascular leaks (permitting migration of fibrin)

- local procoagulant stimulus (e.g. cancer)

Question 7

Causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 7

• chronic infection
• immune mediated disease (both prolonged immune reaction against microbes and autoimmune reponses)
• chronic exposures to toxins (e.g. silica)