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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The study of the physiological basis of cognition.

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Building blocks and transmission lines of the nervous system.

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3
Q

Nerve Net

A

A network of continuously interconnected nerve filters.

Provided a complex pathway for conducting signals uninterrupted through the network.

Obtained through applying stains to the brain tissue creating a contrast between the different tissues.

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4
Q

Nerve Net Theory proposed …

A

… that all signals could be transmitted throughout the net in all directions.

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5
Q

Camillo Golgi

A

Created a technique in which a thin slice of brain tissue was immersed in silver nitrate, cells were randomly stained.

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6
Q

The newborn tissue of newborn animals is …

A

… less dense

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7
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

The idea that individual cells transmit the signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells.

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8
Q

Cell Body

A

Contains the mechanisms to keep the cell alive.

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch out from the cell body to receive signals.

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10
Q

Axon/ Nerve Fibers

A

Transmits signals to other neurons.

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11
Q

Receptors

A

Neurons that pick up information from the environment, such as neurons in the eyes or skin.

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12
Q

Synapse

A

A gap between the end of the neuron axon and the dendrites of another neuron.

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13
Q

Neural Circuit

A

Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing.

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14
Q

Edgar Adrian

A

Able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons.

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15
Q

Microelectrode

A

Pick up signal, small shafts of hollow glass.

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16
Q

Recording Electrode

A

Connected to a recording device.

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17
Q

Reference Electrode

A

Located outside the tissue.

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18
Q

Impulse/ action potential is an …

A

… electrical signal.

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19
Q

Action potential travels …

A

… down the axon, without losing strength to ensure the signal is the same at the end as it was at the start.

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials.

Allows signals to pass over the synaptic gap.

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21
Q

Rate of Nerve Firing

A

The number of action potentials that travel down the axon per second. Can be represented by intensity of a stimulus.

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22
Q

Localization of Function

A

Neurons serving different cognitive functions transmit signals to different areas of the brain.

23
Q

Localization of Perception

A

Primary Receiving Areas

- Four different lobes.

24
Q

Primary Receiving Areas

A

First areas of the cerebral cortex to receive signals from each of the senses.

25
Temporal Lobe
:anguage, memory, hearing + vision and smell.
26
Occipital Love
Analyzes incoming visual info.
27
Parietal Lobe
Sensations caused by stimulation of the skin, visual info, skin senses, touch, temperature, pain.
28
Frontal Lobe
Language, thought, memory, and motor functioning. Perceptions that involve coordination of movement.
29
Damage to the Occipital Lobe ...
... causes blindness.
30
Prosapagnosia
Caused by damage to the temporal lobe, inability to recognize faces (of whose face it is).
31
Brain Imaging
Creates images that show which areas of the brain are activated furing cognitive tasks. Demonstrates localization of function.
32
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
Radioactive tracer is injected.. High signals are equal to higher levels of brain activity.
33
Subtraction Technique
Brain activity measure for control state (before stimulation) and again after stimulus. Activity due to manipulation is determined by subtracting the control activity from the stimulator activity.
34
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Measure blood flow, no tracer, uses hemoglobin since oxygen is in it. If a magnetic field is presented to the brain, the hemoglobin molecules link up in areas of high activity making it more magnetic.
35
Fusiform Face Area
In the fusiform gyrus of temporal lobe, damaged in prosopagnosia patients.
36
Parahippocampal Place Area
Also temporal lobe. Important information about spatial layout. More activation when viewing pictures of rooms.
37
Extrastriate Body Area
Activated by pictures of bodies and parts of body, not faces.
38
Module
Area specialized for a specific function.
39
Broca's Area
In the frontal lobe, responsible for language production. Condition: Broca's aphasia: Difficulty producing language and expressing themselves. However they had no trouble understanding what other people were saying.
40
Wernicke's Area
In the frontal lobe, responsible for language understanding. Condition: Wernicke's aphasia: Speech fluent, grammatically correct, however prodiced incoherent meaningless speech, unable to understand speech and writing.
41
Event-Related Potential
Recorded with electrodes placed on a person's scalp. Ideal for understanding a process such as language. Advantage: Rapid Response Disadvantage: Difficult to pinpoint where the response is originating in the brain.
42
N400 Wave
N400 Wave is affected by meaning and is larger when it doesn't fit. Associated with the temporal lobe.
43
P600 Wave
Affected by grammar. Associated with the frontal lobes.
44
Distributed Processing in the Brain
Some functions are processed by many different areas of the brain. Some areas respond to various reactions such as emotions or attractiveness. (Such as faces activating many parts).
45
Retina
Layer of neurons that line the back of the eye. Light reflected from the object enters the eye, is a representation.
46
Representations are ...
... Distorted - may be smaller or blurred depending on the optics of the eye.
47
Perception of an object ...
... is not based on direct contact, but on the way the tree is represented by action potentials in the brain.
48
Neural Code
The way patterns of neural firing represent environmental stimuli.
49
Neural Code for Faces
Specificity coding representation: Neurons tuned to respond to one specific stimulus only. A grandmother cell: A neuron that responds to a specific stimulus. This stimulus could be a specific image, such as a picture of your grandmother, a concept such as the idea of grandmothers, or in general your real life grandmother. Grandmother cell idea is not accepted - too many faces to assign neurons, and although some respond to specific stimuli they may respond to others as well. Distributed Coding: Representation of an object or experience by the pattern of firing a number of neurons.
50
Specificity Coding Representation
Neurons tuned to respond to one specific stimulus only.
51
Grandmother Cell Concept (2)
A grandmother cell: A neuron that responds to a specific stimulus. This stimulus could be a specific image, such as a picture of your grandmother, a concept such as the idea of grandmothers, or in general your real life grandmother. Grandmother cell idea is not accepted - too many faces to assign neurons, and although some respond to specific stimuli they may respond to others as well.
52
Distributed Coding
Representation of an object or experience by the pattern of firing a number of neurons.
53
Neural Code for Memory
Different experiences are represented by a different pattern of firing. Neural firing is associated with stimulation of sensory receptors.

PSY270 (2 decks)

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