Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY270 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The study of the physiological basis of cognition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neurons

A

Building blocks and transmission lines of the nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nerve Net

A

A network of continuously interconnected nerve filters.

Provided a complex pathway for conducting signals uninterrupted through the network.

Obtained through applying stains to the brain tissue creating a contrast between the different tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nerve Net Theory proposed …

A

… that all signals could be transmitted throughout the net in all directions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Camillo Golgi

A

Created a technique in which a thin slice of brain tissue was immersed in silver nitrate, cells were randomly stained.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The newborn tissue of newborn animals is …

A

… less dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

The idea that individual cells transmit the signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell Body

A

Contains the mechanisms to keep the cell alive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch out from the cell body to receive signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Axon/ Nerve Fibers

A

Transmits signals to other neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Receptors

A

Neurons that pick up information from the environment, such as neurons in the eyes or skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Synapse

A

A gap between the end of the neuron axon and the dendrites of another neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neural Circuit

A

Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Edgar Adrian

A

Able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microelectrode

A

Pick up signal, small shafts of hollow glass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Recording Electrode

A

Connected to a recording device.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reference Electrode

A

Located outside the tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Impulse/ action potential is an …

A

… electrical signal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Action potential travels …

A

… down the axon, without losing strength to ensure the signal is the same at the end as it was at the start.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials.

Allows signals to pass over the synaptic gap.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rate of Nerve Firing

A

The number of action potentials that travel down the axon per second. Can be represented by intensity of a stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Localization of Function

A

Neurons serving different cognitive functions transmit signals to different areas of the brain.

23
Q

Localization of Perception

A

Primary Receiving Areas

- Four different lobes.

24
Q

Primary Receiving Areas

A

First areas of the cerebral cortex to receive signals from each of the senses.

25
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

:anguage, memory, hearing + vision and smell.

26
Q

Occipital Love

A

Analyzes incoming visual info.

27
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensations caused by stimulation of the skin, visual info, skin senses, touch, temperature, pain.

28
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Language, thought, memory, and motor functioning. Perceptions that involve coordination of movement.

29
Q

Damage to the Occipital Lobe …

A

… causes blindness.

30
Q

Prosapagnosia

A

Caused by damage to the temporal lobe, inability to recognize faces (of whose face it is).

31
Q

Brain Imaging

A

Creates images that show which areas of the brain are activated furing cognitive tasks. Demonstrates localization of function.

32
Q

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

A

Radioactive tracer is injected.. High signals are equal to higher levels of brain activity.

33
Q

Subtraction Technique

A

Brain activity measure for control state (before stimulation) and again after stimulus. Activity due to manipulation is determined by subtracting the control activity from the stimulator activity.

34
Q

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A

Measure blood flow, no tracer, uses hemoglobin since oxygen is in it. If a magnetic field is presented to the brain, the hemoglobin molecules link up in areas of high activity making it more magnetic.

35
Q

Fusiform Face Area

A

In the fusiform gyrus of temporal lobe, damaged in prosopagnosia patients.

36
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area

A

Also temporal lobe. Important information about spatial layout. More activation when viewing pictures of rooms.

37
Q

Extrastriate Body Area

A

Activated by pictures of bodies and parts of body, not faces.

38
Q

Module

A

Area specialized for a specific function.

39
Q

Broca’s Area

A

In the frontal lobe, responsible for language production.

Condition: Broca’s aphasia: Difficulty producing language and expressing themselves. However they had no trouble understanding what other people were saying.

40
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

In the frontal lobe, responsible for language understanding.

Condition: Wernicke’s aphasia: Speech fluent, grammatically correct, however prodiced incoherent meaningless speech, unable to understand speech and writing.

41
Q

Event-Related Potential

A

Recorded with electrodes placed on a person’s scalp. Ideal for understanding a process such as language.

Advantage: Rapid Response
Disadvantage: Difficult to pinpoint where the response is originating in the brain.

42
Q

N400 Wave

A

N400 Wave is affected by meaning and is larger when it doesn’t fit. Associated with the temporal lobe.

43
Q

P600 Wave

A

Affected by grammar. Associated with the frontal lobes.

44
Q

Distributed Processing in the Brain

A

Some functions are processed by many different areas of the brain. Some areas respond to various reactions such as emotions or attractiveness. (Such as faces activating many parts).

45
Q

Retina

A

Layer of neurons that line the back of the eye. Light reflected from the object enters the eye, is a representation.

46
Q

Representations are …

A

… Distorted - may be smaller or blurred depending on the optics of the eye.

47
Q

Perception of an object …

A

… is not based on direct contact, but on the way the tree is represented by action potentials in the brain.

48
Q

Neural Code

A

The way patterns of neural firing represent environmental stimuli.

49
Q

Neural Code for Faces

A

Specificity coding representation: Neurons tuned to respond to one specific stimulus only.

A grandmother cell: A neuron that responds to a specific stimulus. This stimulus could be a specific image, such as a picture of your grandmother, a concept such as the idea of grandmothers, or in general your real life grandmother.

Grandmother cell idea is not accepted - too many faces to assign neurons, and although some respond to specific stimuli they may respond to others as well.

Distributed Coding: Representation of an object or experience by the pattern of firing a number of neurons.

50
Q

Specificity Coding Representation

A

Neurons tuned to respond to one specific stimulus only.

51
Q

Grandmother Cell Concept (2)

A

A grandmother cell: A neuron that responds to a specific stimulus. This stimulus could be a specific image, such as a picture of your grandmother, a concept such as the idea of grandmothers, or in general your real life grandmother.

Grandmother cell idea is not accepted - too many faces to assign neurons, and although some respond to specific stimuli they may respond to others as well.

52
Q

Distributed Coding

A

Representation of an object or experience by the pattern of firing a number of neurons.

53
Q

Neural Code for Memory

A

Different experiences are represented by a different pattern of firing.

Neural firing is associated with stimulation of sensory receptors.

PSY270 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions