chapter 2 Flashcards
what is the breathing mechanism (pathway)
nostrils - nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchus - bronchiole - alveolus
what is nostrils
the opening
what is nasal cavity?
space where air gathers / collected / located
what is pharynx
throat
what is larynx
voice box
what is trachea
windpipe that connects throat to the lungs ( like a bridge )
what is bronchus
the thing that is connected to the beginning of the lung
what is bronchiole
like the root of the bronchus
what is alveolus?
air sac (it’s connected to bronchiole)
what is intercostal muscles?
muscle in between your ribs
what is epiglottis?
prevent food to enter the respiratory track
during inhalation, what do the intercostal muscles do?
contract and pull rib cage upwards and outwards
during inhalation, what do the diaphragm muscles do?
contract and pull the diaphragm to descend and become flat
movements of the rib cage & diaphragm in inhalation make…..
thoracic cavity bigger and cause air pressure to decrease
what is thoracic cavity?
chest space
higher air pressure outside forces the air to enter the lungs because?
got space inside the thoracic cavity
during exhalation, what do the intercostal muscles do?
relax & rib cage moves downwards & inwards
during exhalation, what do the diaphragm muscles do?
relax & curve upwards
movements of the rib cage & diaphragm in exhalation make…..
thoracic cavity becomes smaller & air pressure increases
the higher air pressure in the lungs pushes the air out, why?
because too much pressure inside the thoracic cavity, they go out.
oxygen : higher or lower inhaled air
higher
oxygen: higher or lower exhaled air?
lower
carbon dioxide: higher or lower inhaled air?
lower
carbon dioxide: higher or lower exhaled air?
higher
What is the compound that combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin?
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is a dark red-colored compound found in red blood cells.
What color is oxyhaemoglobin?
Bright red
Oxyhaemoglobin is formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen.
What is the process of diffusion of oxygen in the body?
Oxygen diffuses from alveolus to blood capillaries
The concentration of oxygen in the alveolus is higher than in the blood.
What happens to oxyhaemoglobin when it reaches areas with low oxygen concentration?
It decomposes to release oxygen and change back into haemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin is unstable and will revert to haemoglobin in low oxygen environments.
What is the chemical equation for the decomposition of oxyhaemoglobin?
Oxyhaemoglobin → haemoglobin + oxygen
This reaction facilitates the release of oxygen to body cells.
What is the process by which carbon dioxide is transported from cells to the alveolus?
Diffusion into blood capillaries
Carbon dioxide is released by cells and must be removed during exhalation.
What is the overall reaction of cellular respiration?
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
This reaction occurs in body cells and is crucial for energy production.
Fill in the blank: The air inhaled into the alveolus has a higher concentration of _______ compared to the blood.
Oxygen
This concentration gradient drives the diffusion of oxygen into the blood.
True or False: Haemoglobin is a stable compound.
False
Haemoglobin is considered unstable as it easily combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
What is transported from the lungs to the heart and then to other parts of the body?
Blood with oxyhaemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin carries oxygen to tissues throughout the body.
What adaptations of the alveolar structure increase gas exchange efficiency?
The adaptations include thin walls of alveoli and blood capillaries, a large surface area, moist walls, and a network of capillaries.
How do the thin walls of alveoli and blood capillaries facilitate gas exchange?
They are made up of only one layer of cells, which increases the rate of diffusion of gases.
Why is the surface area of alveoli important?
The lungs contain millions of alveoli, providing a large surface area for gas exchange.
What role does the moist wall of the alveolus play in gas exchange?
It allows respiratory gases to dissolve and diffuse into the blood.
How does the network of capillaries covering the alveolus affect gas exchange?
It increases the rate of gaseous exchange between the alveolus and the blood capillaries.
What is one factor that can increase gas exchange in the human body?
The difference in concentration of gases in the alveoli and blood.
What harmful substances can be found in inhaled air?
Cigarette tar, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, haze, dust, and pollen.
What is cigarette tar?
Cigarette tar is a byproduct of cigarette smoke that can harm the respiratory system.
What effect does cigarette tar have on the lungs?
Cigarette tar increases the production of mucus and phlegm in the lungs.
Why do smokers often cough or have flu?
Smokers often cough or have flu due to the effects of cigarette tar on their lungs.
What can reduce harmful substances in the respiratory system?
Forest reserves can reduce the substances that can be harmful to the respiratory system.
What is the relationship between cigarette tar and lung cancer?
Based on the data of lung cancer patients, most of them are smokers. Cigarette tar is an example of a substance in cigarette smoke that can cause lung cancer.
Why are forests commonly known as ‘green lungs’?
Forests are commonly known as ‘green lungs’ because they help purify the air.
How is cigarette tar different from road tar?
Cigarette tar and tar used for making roads are different substances. Cigarette tar is normally labelled as ‘tar’, which is the acronym for ‘total aerosol residue’.
What is carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide is a colourless and odourless gas.
Where is carbon monoxide usually found?
Carbon monoxide is usually found in cigarette smoke and exhaust gases of motor vehicles.
What happens when carbon monoxide enters the blood?
It combines chemically with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin, which is a stable compound.
What is the effect of carbon monoxide on the body?
It causes a shortage of oxyhaemoglobin in blood, preventing body cells from producing the required amount of energy through cellular respiration.
What is sulphur dioxide?
Sulphur dioxide is a colourless gas with a pungent smell.
How is sulphur dioxide produced?
It is normally produced by the combustion of coal from power stations.
What are the effects of sulphur dioxide on health?
It irritates the air passages, causing cough, difficulty in breathing, and lung cancer.
What is the purpose of ‘SAY NO TO SMOKING’ campaigns?
These campaigns aim to reduce smoking-related health issues.
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin carries oxygen to the body.
What is nitrogen dioxide?
Nitrogen dioxide is a brown-coloured gas with a pungent smell, produced by the combustion of fuels such as petrol and diesel in motor vehicles.
What are the effects of nitrogen dioxide on health?
Nitrogen dioxide irritates the air passage and causes cough, difficulty in breathing, and asthma.
What are haze, dust, and pollen?
Haze, dust, and pollen are fine, light solid particles suspended in the air.
What causes haze and dust?
Haze and dust are produced from smoke of motor vehicle exhaust, open burning, and forest fires.
How does pollen affect the environment?
Pollen released from anthers into the air is carried by the wind over long distances in all directions.
What health issues can haze, dust, and pollen cause?
They can irritate the respiratory system and cause respiratory diseases such as asthma.
What triggers asthma?
Asthma is triggered by the presence of dust, pollen, haze, smoke from cigarette and motor vehicle exhaust, open burning, and forest fires.
What are the symptoms of asthma?
Symptoms of asthma include shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing.
What is bronchitis?
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchus caused by tar and irritants in cigarette smoke.
What are the symptoms of bronchitis?
Symptoms of bronchitis include shortness of breath, persistent coughing, and insomnia.
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a condition where the alveoli in the lungs are damaged by harmful substances in the air, such as irritants in cigarette smoke.
What are the symptoms of emphysema?
Symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath, pain when breathing, and feeling tired from doing even light tasks.
Can emphysema be cured?
Emphysema patients cannot be cured, but the symptoms of this disease can be controlled.
What causes lung cancer?
Lung cancer is caused by cancer-causing chemical substances known as carcinogens.
How are carcinogens inhaled?
Carcinogens are inhaled during breathing.
What is a common source of carcinogens?
Cigarette smoke contains various carcinogens, such as tar.
What are some symptoms of lung cancer?
Symptoms of lung cancer include persistent coughing, blood in the phlegm, and feeling pain when breathing.
What should be observed to understand lung cancer?
Observe the difference between healthy lungs and the lungs of a cancer patient.
What are the three features that most organisms have to ensure efficient gaseous exchange?
- Moist surface of respiratory structures such as the moist surface of alveoli.
- Thin respiratory structures such as the walls of alveolus and blood capillaries which are one cell thick.
- Large surface area of respiratory structures such as the surface area of millions of alveoli.
How do different organisms adapt their respiratory systems?
Different organisms have different respiratory systems and adapt to maximize the rate of gaseous exchange in different surroundings.
What are some examples of respiratory structures that adapt in different surroundings?
Moist outer skin, gills, and trachea.
What is one respiratory structure of frogs?
Frogs usually use their moist outer skin for gaseous exchange.
The skin is thin, permeable to gas, and always moist due to a layer of mucus.
How does the skin of frogs facilitate gaseous exchange?
The skin of frogs is thin and very permeable to gas, allowing respiratory gases to dissolve and diffuse easily.
It is covered by a layer of mucus.
What is found under the layers of skin in frogs?
A dense network of blood capillaries is found under the layers of skin.
This increases the diffusion rate of gases between the skin and the blood capillaries.
What adaptations do frogs have for gaseous exchange?
Frogs have moist outer skin, lungs, and oral respiratory structures that adapt for gaseous exchange.
Other structures include nostrils and glottis.
What is the respiratory structure of fish?
The respiratory structure of fish is gills.
Why are gills important for fish?
Gills increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in water.
What are gills made up of?
Gills are made up of two rows of fine filaments with many thin and flat projections known as lamellae.
How do gills facilitate gaseous exchange?
The number of filaments and lamellae produces a large surface area to facilitate gaseous exchange.
What surrounds the gills of fish?
Gills are surrounded by water.
How does water affect respiratory gases in fish?
Water causes respiratory gases to dissolve and diffuse easily.
What is the trachea system in insects?
The trachea system is made up of air tubes known as trachea, through which air enters or leaves the body.
What are spiracles?
Spiracles are breathing pores through which air enters or leaves the trachea.
How are spiracles controlled?
The opening and closing of spiracles are controlled by valves.
What are tracheoles?
Tracheoles are fine branches of the trachea that have thin and moist walls to increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange.
Why are tracheoles important?
Tracheoles provide a large surface area to facilitate gaseous exchange through diffusion directly into the cells.
What do some insects, like grasshoppers, have in their trachea system?
Some insects have air sacs in their trachea system, which are filled with air to increase the rate of exchange of respiratory gases.
What is the purpose of air sacs in the trachea system?
Air sacs increase the rate of exchange of respiratory gases between tissues and the surroundings during energetic activities.
What parts of the plant are involved in gaseous exchange?
Leaves, stems, and roots are involved in gaseous exchange.
Why do plants have a large surface area for gaseous exchange?
The leaves, stems, and roots provide a large surface area for gaseous exchange.
What is the primary process through which plants exchange gases?
Gaseous exchange is the primary process through which plants exchange gases with their surroundings.
