Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is the role of a Public Health Nurse in the health care delivery system?
A Public Health Nurse is a member of a team and must understand the health care delivery system to function effectively.
What are the two sectors of the Philippine health care delivery system?
- Public sector
- Private sector
How is the public sector of the Philippine health care delivery system financed?
It is largely financed through a tax-based budgeting system at both national and local levels.
Is health care in the public sector free at the point of service?
Generally, yes, although socialized user fees have been introduced for certain types of services.
What characterizes the private sector of the Philippine health care delivery system?
It is largely market-oriented and health care is paid through user fees at the point of service.
What is the lead agency in health at the national level in the Philippines?
The Department of Health (DOH)
What types of facilities does the Department of Health maintain?
- Specialty hospitals
- Regional hospitals
- Medical centers
What is the role of provincial health teams in the public health sector?
They are made up of DOH representatives to local health boards and personnel involved in communicable disease control.
What local government units manage hospitals and health centers in the Philippine health care system?
- Provincial government manages provincial and district hospitals
- City/municipal government manages health centers/rural health units (RHUs) and barangay health stations (BHSs)
What is the function of the local health board in every province, city, or municipality?
To serve as an advisory body to the local executive and the local legislative council on health-related matters.
Fill in the blank: The Philippine health care delivery system consists of the _______ sector and the private sector.
public
True or False: The Philippine General Hospital is part of the public sector.
True
What recent change has occurred in the management of health services in the Philippines?
The devolution of health services to Local Government Units (LGUs).
What is the main responsibility of the Department of Health (DOH)?
To act as the lead agency in health.
What sectors are included in the private health care sector in the Philippines?
For-profit and non-profit health providers
Their involvement includes clinics, hospitals, health insurance, and more.
What are some roles of the private sector in Philippine health care?
Providing health services, health insurance, manufacturing medicines, conducting research, and human resource development
This contributes significantly to maintaining the people’s health.
What is essential for a public health nurse to understand about the Philippine health system?
The development of the government agency mandated to protect health
Understanding the historical context of the Department of Health is crucial.
What traditional practices were common in the Philippine health care system before 1898?
Use of herbs and rituals for healing
These practices were prominent during the Pre-Spanish and Spanish periods.
What significant health care establishment was created in 1577?
The first dispensary for indigent patients in Manila
This was run by a Franciscan friar.
What was created in 1876 in the Philippine health care system?
Medicos Titulares, equivalent to provincial health officers
This marked an early form of organized health care.
What did the Superior Board of Health and Charity established in 1888 do?
Established a hospital system and a board of vaccination
This was a key development in public health services during the Spanish period.
What was created shortly after the proclamation of Philippine independence on June 23, 1898?
The Department of Public Works, Education and Hygiene
This was created by a decree signed by President Emilio Aguinaldo.
What happened to the Department of Public Works, Education and Hygiene after the American takeover?
It became short-lived due to the establishment of American military and civil government
This transition marked a significant shift in governance.
What was the primary objective of the Board of Health for the City of Manila established on September 29, 1898?
To protect the health of American soldiers
This was a response to the needs of the military during the American occupation.
When was the Board of Health for the Philippine Islands created?
July 1, 1901
This was established through Act No. 157.
What did the Board of Health for the Philippine Islands realize regarding health protection?
It was impossible to protect American soldiers without protecting the natives
This led to a broader focus on public health.
What acts established the Provincial and Municipal Boards in the Philippine health system?
Act Nos. 307 and 308 dated December 2, 1901
These acts completed the health organization in accordance with territorial divisions.
What replaced the Insular Board of Health in 1905?
The Bureau of Health under the Department of Interior through Act No. 1407
The Insular Board of Health was found to be inefficient operationally.
What did Act No. 1487 in 1906 accomplish?
Replaced the provincial boards of health with district health officers
This act aimed to improve local health governance.
What is the Fajardo Act also known as?
Act No. 2156
It consolidated municipalities into sanitary divisions and established the Health Fund.
What significant change did Act No. 2468 bring in 1915?
Transformed the Bureau of Health into the Philippine Health Service
Introduced a systematic organization of personnel with civil service grades.
What did the Jones Law, passed on August 2, 1916, signify?
A highlight in the struggle of Filipinos for independence from American rule
Established an elective Philippine Senate and formed a bicameral government.
What was included in the Administrative Code of 1917?
The Public Health Law of 1917
It was part of a major governmental reorganization.
What was the purpose of Act No. 4007 in 1932?
To better coordinate public health and welfare services
Reverted the Philippine Service back to the Bureau of Health.
What did Commonwealth Act No. 430 create in 1939?
The Department of Public Health and Welfare
Full implementation was completed through Executive Order No. 317 in 1941.
Who became the first Department Secretary of Health and Public Welfare in 1941?
Dr. Jose Fabella
He played a pivotal role in the establishment of the department.
What occurred during the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 regarding health services?
Various reorganizations and issuances for health and welfare were instituted
These lasted until the Americans liberated the Philippines in 1945.
What did Executive Order No. 94, issued on October 4, 1947, provide for?
The post-war reorganization of the Department of Public Health
Aimed at rebuilding and restructuring health services after the war.
What significant change occurred to the Department of Health and Public Welfare?
The Bureau of Public Welfare was transferred to the Office of the President, creating the Social Welfare Administration.
What was the focus of the Bureau of Hospitals after its creation?
The Bureau of Hospitals took over curative services.
What seven basic health services were carried out by the Rural Health Unit established on January 1, 1951?
- Maternal and child health
- Environmental health
- Communicable disease control
- Vital statistics
- Medical care
- Health education
- Public health nursing
What legislation did the impact of the Rural Health Unit contribute to in 1954?
The Rural Health Act of 1954 (RA 1082).
What did Executive Order No. 288, issued on February 20, 1958, aim to achieve?
It aimed to decentralize governance of health services.
How many regions were created with the establishment of the Office of the Regional Health Director in 1958?
8 regions.
What are the three levels of care classified in the Restructured Health Care Delivery System conceptualized in 1970?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
What was the public health nurse to population ratio established in the Restructured Health Care Delivery System?
1:20,000.
What significant change occurred in the Department of Health with Presidential Decree 1397 in 1978?
The Department of Health was renamed to the Ministry of Health.
Who became the first Minister of Health after the renaming in 1978?
Secretary Gatmaitan.
What did Executive Order No. 851, signed on December 2, 1982, accomplish?
It reorganized the Ministry of Health into an integrated health care delivery system.
What was created as part of the integrated health care delivery system in 1982?
The Integrated Provincial Health Office.
What is the role of Provincial Health Officers as established in 1982?
They combine public health and hospital operations.
Fill in the blank: The Rural Health Unit was responsible for _______ health services.
basic
True or False: The Bureau of Health retained both curative and preventive services after the reorganization.
False.
What significant change did Corazon C. Aquino implement in the Philippine health care structure?
Transformed the Ministry of Health back to the Department of Health
What did Executive Order 119 do regarding health agencies?
Clustered agencies and programs under various offices such as Office for Public Health Services and Office for Hospital and Facilities Services
What are the components of the Field Offices in the Philippine health care system?
Regional Health Offices and National Health Facilities
What types of facilities are included in the National Health Facilities?
National Medical Centers, Special Research Centers, and Hospitals
What major legislation passed on October 10, 1991, affected the Department of Health’s role?
Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code)
What was the effect of Republic Act 7160 on health service delivery?
Decentralization of structures, personnel, and budgetary allocations to local government units (LGUs)
How did the Department of Health’s role change under the Local Government Code?
Shifted from implementation to governance
What did Executive Order No. 102 accomplish in May 1999?
Allowed the DOH to proceed with its Rationalization and Streamlining Plan
What was the primary focus of the Department of Health after the devolution?
Policy formulation, standard setting, and quality assurance
What is the mandate of the Department of Health according to EO 102?
Provide assistance to LGUs, people’s organizations, and civic society
What is one of the goals of the Department of Health as stipulated in EO 102?
Promote health and well-being of every Filipino
What period does the development of the Health Sector Reform Agenda cover?
1999-2004
What does the Health Sector Reform Agenda describe?
Major strategies, organizational and policy changes, and public investments needed for health care improvement
Fill in the blank: The Department of Health’s new role is as the national authority on health providing _______.
[technical and other resource assistance]
True or False: The Department of Health continues to provide direct health services post-devolution.
False
What is the primary role of the Department of Health?
Serve as the national authority on health providing technical and resource assistance
Mandated by Executive Order 102
List the three specific roles of the Department of Health in the health sector.
- Leadership in Health
- Enabler and Capacity Builder
- Administrator of Specific Services
What does the Department of Health provide in its role as a leader in health?
Leadership in the formulation, monitoring and evaluation of national health policies, plans and programs
True or False: The Department of Health is responsible for spearheading sectoral planning and policy formulation at local levels.
False
Fill in the blank: The Department of Health serves as an advocate in the adoption of health policies, plans and programs to address _______ concerns.
[national and sectoral]
What is one of the responsibilities of the Department of Health as an enabler and capacity builder?
Innovate new strategies in health to improve the effectiveness of health programs
What does the Department of Health ensure regarding health care standards?
The highest achievable standards of quality health care, health promotion and health protection
What type of facilities does the Department of Health manage as an administrator of specific services?
Selected national health facilities and hospitals with modern and advanced facilities
Fill in the blank: The Department of Health administers direct services for emergent health concerns that require _______ technologies.
[new complicated]
What specific health programs does the Department of Health administer?
- Tuberculosis
- Schistosomiasis
- HIV-AIDS
What emergency services does the Department of Health administer?
Health emergency response services, including referral and networking system for trauma, injuries and catastrophic events
What is the vision of the Department of Health (DOH) in the Philippines?
The DOH is the leader, staunch advocate and model in promoting Health for All in the Philippines.
What is the mission of the Department of Health (DOH)?
Guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor.
What is the overriding goal of the DOH?
Health Sector Reform Agenda (HSRA).
What are the support mechanisms for the Health Sector Reform?
- Sound organizational development
- Strong policies, systems and procedures
- Capable human resources
- Adequate financial resources
What has improved in the health status of Filipinos over the last 50 years?
Significant improvement in health status.
What are some persistent conditions observed among the Filipino population?
- Slowing down in the reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Persistence of large variations in health status
- High burden from infectious diseases
- Rising burden from chronic and degenerative diseases
- Unattended emerging health risks
- Burden of disease is heaviest on the poor
What factors explain the persistent health conditions in the population?
- Inappropriate health delivery system
- Inadequate regulatory mechanisms for health services
- Poor health care financing and inefficient sourcing of funds
Fill in the blank: The DOH shall seek to establish performance standards for _______.
[health human resources, health facilities and institutions, health products, health services]
True or False: The DOH focuses only on the health needs of the wealthy in the Philippines.
False
What is one of the challenges faced in the health care system regarding hospital systems?
Inefficient and poorly targeted hospital system.
What is one of the issues with health services in the Philippines?
Presence of low quality of drugs in the market.
What does the DOH prioritize in its mission?
Special consideration for the poor and the vulnerable.
What is the implication of poor coverage in the Philippine health care system?
Poor coverage of public health and primary care services
This leads to limited access to essential health services for the population.
What type of access issues exist in the Philippine health care system?
Inequitable access (physical and financial) to personal health care services
This reflects disparities in health service availability based on location and financial capability.
What are the two main issues regarding the quality of health care in the Philippines?
Low quality and high cost of both public and personal health care
This creates a barrier for many individuals seeking necessary medical assistance.
What are the five areas identified for reform in the Philippine health care system?
Health financing, health regulation, local health systems, public health programs, hospital systems
These areas are critical for transforming health service delivery and financing.
What is the implementation framework for health sector reforms in the Philippines?
FOURmula ONE for Health
This framework aims to implement critical interventions in a coordinated manner.
What are the three goals of the FOURmula ONE for Health?
Better health outcomes, more responsive health systems, equitable health care financing
These goals aim to enhance overall health service delivery and access.
What is the goal of health financing in the FOURmula ONE for Health?
To foster greater, better and sustained investments in health
This is led by the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation and the Department of Health.
What is the goal of health regulation in the FOURmula ONE for Health?
To ensure the quality and affordability of health goods and services
This is crucial for maintaining public trust and access to health care.
What is the goal of health service delivery in the FOURmula ONE for Health?
To improve and ensure the accessibility and availability of basic and essential health care
This applies to both public and private health facilities and services.
What is the goal of good governance in the FOURmula ONE for Health?
To enhance health system performance at the national and local levels
Good governance is essential for effective implementation of health reforms.
What is a key feature of the FOURmula ONE for Health implementation strategy?
Engagement of the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) as the main lever for change
The NHIP plays a vital role in financing, governance, and regulation.
How does the NHIP reduce the financial burden on Filipinos?
By financing health care costs
This helps make health care more affordable for the population.
How does the NHIP influence the health care market?
As a prudent purchaser of health care
This role allows NHIP to shape health care delivery and pricing.
What role does the NHIP play in health regulation?
In accreditation and payments based on quality
This ensures that health services meet certain standards.
What is the role of the Philippine Health Care Delivery System?
Acts as a driver for improved performance in the health sector
It emphasizes fair compensation for the costs of care directed at providing essential goods and services in health.
What does the National Objectives for Health (NOH) 2005-2010 aim to achieve?
Health for all Filipinos and ensure accessibility and quality of health care
Focuses on improving the quality of life of all Filipinos, especially the poor.
What are the main components provided by the NOH for stakeholders in health?
Targets and critical indicators, current strategies, new avenues for interventions
Guides policy makers, program managers, and local government executives in health decisions.
What is the FOURmula ONE for Health?
An overarching philosophy to achieve better health outcomes, a responsive health system, and equitable health care financing
Focuses on interventions that create the most impact and generate buy-in from partners.
What is one of the objectives of the Health Sector?
Improve the general health status of the population
Includes various other objectives aimed at public health improvements.
Fill in the blank: The Health Sector aims to _______ morbidity and mortality from certain diseases.
Reduce
What is one goal related to diseases within the Health Sector objectives?
Eliminate certain diseases as public health problems
Aims to promote better health outcomes through disease elimination.
True or False: One objective of the Health Sector is to protect vulnerable groups with special health and nutrition needs.
True
What does the Health Sector aim to strengthen?
National and local health systems
Ensures better health service delivery.
What kind of reforms does the Health Sector pursue?
Public health and hospital reforms
Aims to improve the efficiency and quality of health services.
Fill in the blank: The Health Sector aims to reduce the cost and ensure the quality of _______.
Essential drugs
What is the objective related to health regulatory reforms?
Ensure quality and safety of health goods and services
Aims to maintain high standards in health-related products.
What is one goal in relation to health governance?
Strengthen health governance and management support systems
Essential for effective health service delivery.
What is one of the aims regarding social health insurance?
Expand the coverage of social health insurance
Ensures more people have access to necessary health services.
What is one strategy to mobilize for health?
Mobilize more resources for health
Important for sustaining health initiatives and services.
What does the Health Sector aim to improve regarding resources?
Efficiency in the allocation, production and utilization of resources for health
Aims to optimize health resource management.
What are the implications of the current Philippine health care system?
Poor coverage of public health and primary care services, inequitable access to personal health care services, low quality and high cost of health care.
What are the five critical areas identified for health system reform in the Philippines?
Health financing, health regulation, local health systems, public health programs, hospital systems.
What is the implementation framework for health sector reforms in the Philippines?
FOURmula ONE for Health.
What are the goals of the FOURmula ONE for Health?
- Better health outcomes
- More responsive health systems
- Equitable health care financing
What is the goal of health financing in the FOURmula ONE for Health?
To foster greater, better and sustained investments in health.
What is the goal of health regulation in the FOURmula ONE for Health?
To ensure the quality and affordability of health goods and services.
What is the goal of health service delivery in the FOURmula ONE for Health?
To improve and ensure the accessibility and availability of basic and essential health care.
What is the goal of good governance in the FOURmula ONE for Health?
To enhance health system performance at the national and local levels.
What role does the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) play in FOURmula ONE for Health?
It serves as the main lever to effect desired changes and outcomes.
How does the NHIP support health financing?
It reduces the financial burden placed on Filipinos by health care costs.
How does the NHIP influence governance in health care?
As a prudent purchaser of health care, it influences the health care market and related institutions.
How does the NHIP contribute to regulation in health care?
Through its role in accreditation and payments based on quality.
Fill in the blank: The FOURmula ONE for Health aims to implement critical interventions as a __________ backed by effective management infrastructure.
single package
True or False: The FOURmula ONE for Health framework focuses solely on public health.
False
What is the vision of the Department of Health (DOH) in the Philippines?
The DOH is the leader, staunch advocate and model in promoting Health for All in the Philippines.
What is the mission of the Department of Health (DOH)?
Guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor.
What is the overriding goal of the DOH?
Health Sector Reform Agenda (HSRA).
What are the support mechanisms for the Health Sector Reform?
- Sound organizational development
- Strong policies, systems and procedures
- Capable human resources
- Adequate financial resources
What has improved in the health status of Filipinos over the last 50 years?
Significant improvement in health status.
What are some persistent conditions observed among the Filipino population?
- Slowing down in the reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Persistence of large variations in health status
- High burden from infectious diseases
- Rising burden from chronic and degenerative diseases
- Unattended emerging health risks
- Burden of disease is heaviest on the poor
What factors explain the persistent health conditions in the population?
- Inappropriate health delivery system
- Inadequate regulatory mechanisms for health services
- Poor health care financing and inefficient sourcing of funds
Fill in the blank: The DOH shall seek to establish performance standards for _______.
[health human resources, health facilities and institutions, health products, health services]
True or False: The DOH focuses only on the health needs of the wealthy in the Philippines.
False
What is one of the challenges faced in the health care system regarding hospital systems?
Inefficient and poorly targeted hospital system.
What is one of the issues with health services in the Philippines?
Presence of low quality of drugs in the market.
What does the DOH prioritize in its mission?
Special consideration for the poor and the vulnerable.
What agency administered the Philippine health care system for over forty years post-independence?
A central agency based in Manila
What major shift occurred in the Philippine health care system in 1991?
The passage of the Local Government Code (Republic Act 7160)
What was devolved to local government units under the Local Government Code?
Structures, personnel, and budgetary allocations from the provincial health level down to the barangays
What responsibility did local government executives gain due to devolution?
To operate local health care services
What are the new centers of authority for local health services after devolution?
Provincial, city, municipal governments, an autonomous regional government, and a metropolitan authority
Who operates the hospital system in the Philippine health care delivery system?
Provincial governments
What do city/municipal governments operate in the local health care system?
Health Centers (HC)/Rural Health Units (RHU) and Barangay Health Stations (BHS)
What is the first objective for local health systems?
Establish local health systems for effective and efficient delivery of health care services
What is the second objective for local health systems?
Upgrade the health care management and service capabilities of local health facilities
What is the third objective for local health systems?
Promote inter-LGU linkages and cost sharing schemes including local health care financing systems
What is the fourth objective for local health systems?
Foster participation of the private sector, NGOs, and communities in local health systems development
What is the fifth objective for local health systems?
Ensure the quality of health service delivery at the local level
What system is espoused by the Department of Health to ensure quality of health care service at the local level?
Inter Local Health System
What is the basic framework of the Inter Local Health System?
Inter Local Government Unit (ILGU) partnership
Fill in the blank: Devolution made local government executives responsible to operate _______.
[local health care services]
True or False: The Local Government Code shifted health care management from national to local government units.
True
What agency administered the Philippine health care system for over forty years post-independence?
A central agency based in Manila
What major shift occurred in the Philippine health care system in 1991?
The passage of the Local Government Code (Republic Act 7160)
What was devolved to local government units under the Local Government Code?
Structures, personnel, and budgetary allocations from the provincial health level down to the barangays
What responsibility did local government executives gain due to devolution?
To operate local health care services
What are the new centers of authority for local health services after devolution?
Provincial, city, municipal governments, an autonomous regional government, and a metropolitan authority
Who operates the hospital system in the Philippine health care delivery system?
Provincial governments
What do city/municipal governments operate in the local health care system?
Health Centers (HC)/Rural Health Units (RHU) and Barangay Health Stations (BHS)
What is the first objective for local health systems?
Establish local health systems for effective and efficient delivery of health care services
What is the second objective for local health systems?
Upgrade the health care management and service capabilities of local health facilities
What is the third objective for local health systems?
Promote inter-LGU linkages and cost sharing schemes including local health care financing systems
What is the fourth objective for local health systems?
Foster participation of the private sector, NGOs, and communities in local health systems development
What is the fifth objective for local health systems?
Ensure the quality of health service delivery at the local level
What system is espoused by the Department of Health to ensure quality of health care service at the local level?
Inter Local Health System
What is the basic framework of the Inter Local Health System?
Inter Local Government Unit (ILGU) partnership
Fill in the blank: Devolution made local government executives responsible to operate _______.
[local health care services]
True or False: The Local Government Code shifted health care management from national to local government units.
True
What is the overall concept of the Philippine health care delivery system?
The creation of an Inter Local Health System (ICHS) by clustering municipalities into Inter Local Health Zones (ILHZ)
What comprises an Inter Local Health Zone (ILHZ)?
A central referral hospital and a number of primary level facilities such as Rural Health Units and Barangay Health Stations
Why is the establishment of the Inter-Local Health System important?
To re-integrate hospital and public health service for a holistic delivery of health services
Who are the stakeholders involved in the delivery of health services in the Inter Local Health System?
LGUs, Department of Health, Philippine Health Insurance Cooperation (PHIC), communities, NGOs, private sector, and others
What is one expected achievement of the Inter-Local Health System?
Universal coverage of health insurance
List three expected achievements of the Inter-Local Health System.
- Improved quality of hospital and Rural Health Units (RHU) service
- Effective referral system
- Integrated planning
What is the role of the Inter-Local Health System in terms of health information?
Appropriate health information system
What principle emphasizes community involvement in the Inter Local Health System?
Community participation
True or False: Financial and administrative autonomy is a guiding principle in developing the Inter Local Health System.
True
What is the ideal population size for a health district according to WHO?
Between 100,000 and 500,000 for optimum efficiency and effectiveness
Fill in the blank: The boundaries between Inter Local Health Zones determine the _______ and responsibility of health service providers.
accountability
List two guiding principles for developing the Inter Local Health System.
- Strong political support
- Equity of access to health services by the population, especially the poor
What is one expected outcome related to drug management within the Inter-Local Health System?
Improved Drug Management System
What does the Inter-Local Health System aim to achieve regarding hospital sustainability?
Financially visible or self-sustaining hospitals
True or False: Decentralized management is not a guiding principle of the Inter Local Health System.
False
What is meant by ‘strategic synergies and partnerships’ in the context of the Inter Local Health System?
Collaborative efforts among stakeholders to enhance health service delivery
What is one aspect of human resources development expected from the Inter-Local Health System?
Developed human resources
Fill in the blank: The integration of public health and _______ hospital care is an expected achievement of the Inter-Local Health System.
curative
What does ‘sustainability of health initiatives’ refer to in the guiding principles?
The ability to maintain health programs over time
List two components that define the composition of the Inter-Local Health Zone.
- People
- Boundaries
What is the purpose of flexibility regarding existing political, social, and cultural borders in health service access?
To ensure every person’s access to health service.
What are the main types of health facilities mentioned in the Philippine health care delivery system?
- District or provincial hospitals
- Rural Health Units (RHU)
- Barangay Health Stations (BHS)
- Other health services
Who are included in the groups of health providers in the Philippine health care system?
- Department of Health
- District Hospital
- Rural Health Units
- Barangay Health Stations
- Private Clinics
- Volunteer health workers
- Non-government Organizations (NGOs)
- Community-based organizations
What is the primary aim of the Integrated Local Health Zone (ILHZ) team?
To plan joint strategies for district health care.
How does the WHO define Primary Health Care (PHC)?
Essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through full participation and at an affordable cost.
When and where was Primary Health Care declared by WHO?
During the First International Conference on Primary Health Care held in Alma Ata, USSR on September 6-12, 1978.
What was the goal of the PHC initiative declared in 1978?
Health for All by the year 2000.
What underlying theme was adopted in the Philippines regarding PHC?
Health in the Hands of the People by 2020.
What are the characteristics of the PHC concept?
- Partnership and empowerment of the people
- Core strategy for effective provision of essential health services
- Community-based, accessible, acceptable, and sustainable services
What does PHC focus on regarding responsibility for health?
It focuses responsibility on the individual, family, and community.
What does the concept of PHC recognize about health?
The interrelationship between health and the overall political, socio-cultural, and economic development of society.
True or False: The goal of ‘Health for All in the Year 2000’ has been universally accepted as realistic.
False.
What recent event showcased community-managed health activities in the context of PHC?
The PHC Summit held on February 23-24, 2006.
What is a key approach to health highlighted in the Philippine Health Care Delivery System?
Primary Health Care
It has changed the landscape for health services in the country.
List the first three elements/components of Primary Health Care.
- Environmental Sanitation
- Control of Communicable Diseases
- Immunization
What is the fourth element/component of Primary Health Care?
Health Education
What is the fifth element/component of Primary Health Care?
Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning
What is the sixth element/component of Primary Health Care?
Adequate Food and Proper Nutrition
What is the seventh element/component of Primary Health Care?
Provision of Medical Care and Emergency Treatment
What is the eighth element/component of Primary Health Care?
Treatment of Locally Endemic Diseases
What is the ninth element/component of Primary Health Care?
Provision of Essential Drugs
What is the first strategy for the national health care system reorganization?
Reorientation and reorganization of the national health care system
What is the second strategy for health action preparation?
Effective preparation and enabling process for health action at all levels
What does the third strategy emphasize for community engagement?
Mobilization of the people to know their communities and identifying their basic health needs
What is the fourth strategy regarding technology?
Development and utilization of appropriate technology focusing on local indigenous resources
What is the fifth strategy for community organization?
Organization of communities arising from their expressed needs
What is the sixth strategy related to community participation?
Increase opportunities for community participation in local level planning, management, monitoring and evaluation
What is the seventh strategy regarding linkages?
Development of intra-sectoral linkages with other government and private agencies
What is the eighth strategy focused on?
Emphasizing partnership between health workers and community leaders/members
What is the framework for meeting the goal of primary health care?
Organizational strategy with active and continuing partnership among communities, private and government agencies
What are the four cornerstones/pillars in Primary Health Care?
- Active community participation
- Intra and inter-sectoral linkages
What are the types of primary health care workers?
Categories include:
* Physician
* Nurses
* Midwives
* Nurse auxiliaries
* Locally trained community health workers
* Traditional birth attendants
* Healers
Types vary based on community health manpower resources, local health needs, and political and financial feasibility.
What is the role of the primary health care team in the Philippines?
Consists of a physician, public health nurse, and midwives trained to assume redefined roles and functions.
The preparation of new health workers is often unnecessary; redefinition of existing personnel roles is needed.
What are the two levels of primary health care workers identified?
- Village or Barangay Health Workers (V/BHWs)
- Intermediate level health workers
V/BHWs include trained community health workers, health auxiliary volunteers, or traditional birth attendants.
What is the primary level of care in the Philippine health care system?
Health care provided by center physicians, public health nurses, rural health midwives, barangay health workers, and traditional healers at barangay health stations and rural health units.
This level serves as the first contact between community members and other health facilities.
What characterizes secondary level of care?
Provided by physicians with basic health training in facilities like infirmaries, municipal and district hospitals, and out-patient departments.
Secondary facilities can perform minor surgeries and simple laboratory examinations.
What is tertiary level of care?
Rendered by specialists in health facilities including medical centers, regional and provincial hospitals, and specialized hospitals.
Tertiary care is the highest level of health care, providing specialized medical services.
Fill in the blank: The primary health facility is usually the first contact between community members and other levels of health facility at the _______.
barangay health stations
This is part of the primary level of care.
True or False: Intermediate level health workers include general medical practitioners and public health nurses.
True
This level also includes rural sanitary inspectors and midwives.
What factors determine the types of primary health care workers in a community?
Factors include:
* Available health manpower resources
* Local health needs and problems
* Political and financial feasibility
These factors influence the composition of the primary health care team.
What is the role of tertiary health facilities in the Philippine health care system?
Tertiary health facilities serve as referral centers for secondary care facilities, providing care for complicated cases and intensive care.
Example: Philippine Heart Center
What type of health facility is typically referred to for health problems beyond the capability of Primary Health Care (PHC) units?
Intermediate health facilities, usually Rural Health Units (RHUs).
RHU teams generally include physicians, dentists, public health nurses, midwives, and sanitarians.
What is the composition of a Rural Health Unit (RHU) team?
The RHU team generally consists of:
* Physician
* Dentist
* Public health nurse
* Midwife
* Sanitarian
* Other health workers
RHU serves towns or poblacion.
What type of care does a District Community Hospital provide?
Hospitalization for cases needing more intensive care.
District hospitals are part of the health care delivery system.
How do higher echelons of health services contribute to the health care delivery system?
They provide secondary or tertiary care to complement the health care given at district and peripheral levels.
What is a key aspect of team planning in primary health care?
Team planning involves collaboration among health personnel at the same level and across various health levels.
Fill in the blank: Teamwork in primary health care entails _______.
[joint planning, implementation, and evaluation of community activities]
What is the significance of teamwork in primary health care?
It enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of health services.
What is an example of joint efforts in health program implementation?
The expanded immunization program, where the nurse as team leader collaborates with the midwife and other community health workers.
True or False: Higher levels of health care have less qualified personnel and less sophisticated equipment.
False
What are the three levels of health care services in the Philippine health care delivery system?
- Primary Health Care (PHC)
- Secondary Care
- Tertiary Care
What are the three levels of health care in the Philippine health care delivery system?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
The classification of health care levels helps in understanding the complexity and specialization of health services.
What type of hospitals fall under Tertiary Health Services?
Medical Centers, Teaching and Training Hospitals
Tertiary services provide specialized consultative healthcare, usually on referral from primary or secondary health professionals.
What are examples of Secondary Health Services in the Philippine health care delivery system?
Regional Medical Centers, Provincial / City Hospitals, Emergency / District Hospitals
Secondary services typically involve more specialized care than primary services.
What facilities are included in Primary Health Services?
Rural Health Unit, Community Hospitals and Health Centers, Barangay Health Stations
Primary health services are the first point of contact for individuals seeking health care.
What is the role of Private Practitioners in the Philippine health care delivery system?
They provide health services outside the public health system, often focusing on outpatient care
Private practitioners may also include specialists and general practitioners.
What is a Rural Health Unit?
A facility providing primary health care services in rural areas
Rural Health Units are crucial for improving access to health care in less populated regions.
Fill in the blank: The Philippine health care delivery system includes _______ which are designed to provide specialized care.
Tertiary Health Services
Tertiary health services are crucial for handling complex medical cases.
True or False: Community Hospitals and Health Centers are part of Secondary Health Services.
False
Community Hospitals and Health Centers fall under Primary Health Services.
What are the roles of Barangay Health Stations?
Provide basic health services and promote health education at the community level
These stations play a vital role in preventive health care.
