chapter 2 Flashcards
ions
elements with a charge on them
types of chemical bonds
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
nonpolar covalent
equal sharing of electrons
polar covalent
unequal sharing of electrons
ionic bond
donors and acceptors, creates + and -
what does dissolve in water?
polar bonds, ionic compounds, carbohydrates
what does not dissolve in water?
nonpolar bonds
how does fat get around?
using lipoproteins to surround them and be able to move through the blood
what is pH?
concentration of H+ ions
carbonic acid
weak buffer that helps maintain body pH H2CO3 (donates H+)
equation carbonic acid to bicarbonate base
H2O+CO2–>H2CO3<–>H+ +CO3-
what increases acidity?
increase in H+ ions would decrease pH and therefore increase production of carbonic acid
what decreases acidity?
pH would increase by adding more bicarbonate ions, having less H ions, therefore making it more basic
inorganic molecules
not based in C-H bond
organic
based in C-H bonds. C, H, O, N
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP
catabolism decomposition
breaks chemical bonds
hydrolysis
anabolism (synthesis)
forms chemical bonds
dehydration synthesis
types of carbohydrates
monosacch, disacch, polysacch
what are proteins made of and where do they come from?
20 AA. 9- essential from food, 11- non essential from body
protein structure
amino group, R group, carboxylic group, central C, hydrogen bond
what determines polarity of protein?
R group
what breaks a peptide bond
hydrolysis or pepsin
what are the protein shapes and describe
primary- linear chain structure, 20 AA by peptide bonds
secondary- linear chain forms shape held by H bonds into a-helix or B-plate
tertiary- only 3D structure, folds helix or plate into 3D structure
quaternary- uses 2 AA chains to form a larger protein structure
what does shape of protein determine?
structure and function
what is an enzyme?
catalyst for proteins and lowers activation energy so that the reaction can happen quicker
what is activation energy?
the amount of energy it takes to start a reaction
enzyme rules
catalysts, one reaction at a time BUT can be used over and over, specific pH and temperature at which they can work in order to maintain structure and function because heat breaks bonds
what is a fat/lipid made of?
C-H bonds
what are types of lipids?
fatty acid, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandin
saturated vs non-saturated
non saturated has one or more C=C
what is prostaglandins?
group of lipids at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved with injury and illness. control inflammation, blood flow and clotting processes
what are glycerides?
fatty acids attached to a glycerol base. triglycerides are 3 fatty acid tails
function of triglycerides?
energy, insulation, protection
triglycerides are transported in the blood as…
lipoproteins
types of steroids and use
cholesterol (cell membrane), estrogen and testosterone (sex hormone), corticosteroids and calcitriol (metabolism), and bile salts (derived from steroid)
cell membrane is made of…
phospholipid bilayer. fatty acid tails facing in (hydrophobic) and water heads (hydrophilic) facing out
how does water get in the cell?
transport protein, osmosis
nucelic acids
DNA and RNA
what does DNA do?
control metabolism, protein synthesis and enzyme production
what does RNA do?
controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
DNA letters
A, G, T, C
RNA letters
A, G, U, C
*T is too big for RNA
how is DNA double helix structured?
phosphate-sugar-base–(H bond)–base-sugar-phosphate
types of RNA and function
mRNA- from DNA in nucleus to cell cytoplasm by means of nucleus membrane pores , converts the MESSAGE of all T to U
tRNA- takes the amino acid bases and separates them out so that they can be translated to protein
ribosomal RNA- takes AA and puts them in correct orders for proteins
ATP to ADP?
catabolic = ATP–>ADP + P + energy
anabolic = ADP + P + energy–> ATP
*energy is from our body
