chapter 2 Flashcards
Differentiate between matter and energy.
Matter has mass and occupies space; energy is force used to do work.
What is the unit of energy?
Joule (J)
Who theorized the atomic theory and when?
John Dalton in the early 1800s.
What is the basic structure of an atom?
Nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting.
What is the charge and mass of a proton?
Positive charge; mass number of 1.
What does the atomic number (Z) represent?
Number of protons in the nucleus.
What happens during ionization?
Addition or removal of an electron from an atom.
ion
True or False: Ionization changes the atomic number (Z).
False
What is mass number (A)?
Total of protons and neutrons.
What defines the location of an electron in an atom?
Orbital
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
Wavelength and frequency have an inverse relationship.
Who discovered X-rays and in what year?
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895.
What are the properties of X-rays?
- Penetrating and invisible
- Electrically neutral
- Polyenergetic
- Travel in straight lines
- Can ionize matter
Fill in the blank: The energy needed to eject an electron from an atom is known as _______.
Electron Binding Energy (E_b)
measured in electron volt
What is the Octet Rule?
Atom never has more than eight electrons in outer shell. The valance shell is chemically inert.
What type of energy is the energy of motion?
Kinetic energy
What does the term ‘valence’ refer to?
Number of electrons in the outer shell.
What is the definition of energy?
Ability to do work.
What are the types of energy?
Mechanical Energy
Chemical Energy
Heat (thermal) Energy
Electrical Energy
Nuclear Energy
Electromagnetic Energy
What is an Isotope?
Atoms that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
What is atomic mass unit (AMU)?
The mass of the particles of an atom
The unit of mass is
KG
What is the mass and charge of an electron?
0.000548
negative
The arrangement of elements on the periodic table is based on?
atomic number
Photon wavelength is
inversely proportional to photon frequency
What are the components of electromagnetic energies?
They have both wave and particle characteristics.
They are illustrated as sinusoidal waves.
They are arranged in an orderly spectrum according to frequency and length.
What is the formula to determine the maximum number of electrons in any energy level?
2n^2
What do the groups (columns) of the periodic table represent?
elements with the same outer electron configuration
What is the period in the periodic table?
principal quantum number
Carbon has an atomic mass number of 6. One of the isotopes as a mass of 14. The number of neutrons is?
8
6 protons 14-6=8
What is the maximum number of electrons in a period with a principal quantum number of 4
32
What is the maximum number of electrons in a period with a principal quantum number of 3
18
What is the maximum number of electrons in a period with a principal quantum number of 2
8
What is the maximum number of electrons in a period with a principal quantum number of 5
50
What is the maximum number of electrons in a period with a principal quantum number of 6
72
What is the maximum number of electrons in a period with a principal quantum number of 7
98
Isotopes have ___ mass numbers and ___atomic numbers
different
the same
In a vacuum, electromagnetic radiation
travels at the speed of light
What happens to the wavelength if the photon frequency is increased ten times
wavelength will decrease to 1/10
What distinguishs one element from another
number of protons
What is an element?
Can’t be broken into simpler substances by ordinary means.
What is a compound?
two of more elements that are chemically united.
How many neutrons are in carbon 14
8
What are the parts of the wave equation?
velocity=frequency x wavelength
What theory looks at the behavior of quarks?
String
What is the energy gained by an electron moving through a one-volt potential called
electron volt
What are the horizontal rows in the periodic table called
periods
What is an isobar
have different numbers of protons and neutrons but the same total number of nuclear particles in the nucleus
different atomic number but same mass number
What is an isotone
atoms with the same number of neutrons, but different number of protons
What is radiation?
energy emitted and transferred through matter
