Chapter 2 Flashcards
What was the 19th century characterized by?
An era of challenges and responses, major changes affecting man and society.
What concepts gained control during the 19th century?
- Liberalism
- Industrialism
- Democracy
- Social realization
- Nationalism
What was the state of Spain during the 19th century?
Political instability and ideological battles between liberals and conservatives.
What resulted from the corruption in the Spanish government?
Inability to provide public works, schools, peace, order, and basic needs.
What was the purpose of the Guardia Civil created in 1868?
Intended to eliminate tulisanes but became an oppressive force.
What did the transition to colonial hierarchy bring to local inhabitants?
Enlightenment regarding their common sources of problems and suffering.
What marked the 19th century as the birth of modern life?
Massive changes in Europe, Spain, and the Philippines due to revolutions.
What were the three great revolutions that precipitated the birth of modernity?
- Industrial Revolution in England
- French Revolution in France
- American Revolution
What was the Industrial Revolution?
An economic revolution starting with the steam engine, leading to machinery in manufacturing.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the economy of the Philippines?
Radical transformation with development in agricultural industries and trade.
What economic opportunities arose from the Industrial Revolution for the Philippines?
- Opening of the economy to world commerce
- Establishment of new cities and ports
- Increase in foreign firms and merchant banks
What new class emerged in the Philippines due to economic progress in the 19th century?
A new breed of rich and influential Filipino middle class, known as ilustrados.
What facilitated better communication and trade in the Philippines during the 19th century?
- Railways
- Steamships
- Steel bridges
- Opening of Suez Canal
What did the French Revolution achieve?
Transformed France from absolute monarchy to a more democratic government.
What were the democratic principles spread by the French Revolution?
- Liberty
- Equality
- Fraternity
What political disturbances did Spain experience in the 19th century?
- Changes in parliaments and constitutions
- Peninsular War
- Loss of Spanish America
- Struggle between liberals and conservatives
What inspired colonies under Spain and Portugal to revolt in the 19th century?
Democratic aspirations created by the French Revolution.
What was the American Revolution?
Political upheaval where 13 colonies overthrew British rule to form the United States.
How did the American Revolution influence Filipino reformists like Rizal?
Inspired aspirations for freedom and independence.
What abuses and injustices were suffered by Filipinos under Spanish rule?
- Instability of Colonial Administration
- Corrupt Spanish Officials
- No Philippine Representation to the Spanish Cortes
- Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
- No Equality before the law
- Mal-administration of Justice
- Racial Discrimination
- Frailocracy and Secularization of Filipino Priests
- Force Labor and Excessive taxes
- Haciendas owned by Friars and Spanish Officials
What factors contributed to the rise of Filipino nationalism?
- Racial Prejudice
- Influx of Liberal Ideas
- Secularization of the Church
- Polo or Forced Labor
What was the Polo or Forced Labor?
A system requiring able-bodied males to render labor for community projects.
What was the Cavite Mutiny?
A rebellion in 1871 by Filipino soldiers and dock workers against Spanish authorities.
What liberal measures did Gov. Gen. Carlos De La Torre implement?
- Abolished flogging
- Relaxed media censorship
- Began limited secularization of education
