Chapter 2 Flashcards by Stephan Smit

What was the 1st high level programming language?

Zuse’s Plankalkul

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What are some data structures that Zuse’s Plankalkul had?

Arrays, nested records, Iterative (for loop) Selections (only IF no ELSE)

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What code was used to program in the 1940s and 1950?

Machine code

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What is the problem with using machine code to code?

Poor readability + modifiability
No arrays

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What are the different types of Pseudocodes?

Short Code
Speedcoding
UNIVAC

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For what was speedcoding designed?

IBM 701

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What does FORTRAN stand for?

Formula Translating

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Was Fortran 0 ever implemented?

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What inspired the idea behind compiled programming languages

Slow interpretation

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What was most important concern when designing Fortran I?

Machine efficiency

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What language implemented the idea of compiled programming language?

Fortran I

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What was the 1st implemented version of Fortran?

Fortran I

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What made Fortran II special?

Shortened compilation process + more reliable

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What was good about Fortran?

It highly optimized compilers.
So good it changed how computers were used

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What type of programming is LIST?

Functional

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What does LISP stand for?

List Processing

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Why was LISP designed?

Because AI research needed a language to support

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What are the data types of Lisp?

Atoms and Lists

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On what is Lisp syntax based?

Lambda calculus

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What are some other functional languages?

ML, Haskel, F#

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Where was scheme developed?

MIT

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What was scheme used for?

Educational application ( small language + simple syntax)

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What type of scoping does scheme use?

static

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Scheme: Can functions be the result of function applications? ( can functions be returned from other functions? )

Yes

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Can you pass in a function as a parameter in scheme?

Yes

Difference between LISP and COMMON LISP?

COMMON LISP is a dialect of LISP ( opposite of scheme cause large + complex)

What type of scoping does COMMON LISP use?

Static + dynamic

What language was an effort to try and design a universal language?

ALGOL 60

Why was algol 60 developed?

No portable/universal languages

What was the goal for ALGOL 60?

Close to math notation Good for describing algorithms Must be translatable to machine code

Was ALGOL 58 implemented?

No. Since it was never meant to be implemented

What was the first machine independent language?

ALGOL 60

What was the problem with algol 60?

Never widely used because of no I/O

What was COBOL?

First common business oriented language

What language was COBOL based on?

FLOW-MATIC

What was the design goals of COBOL?

Look like English Easy to use

What was good and bad about cobol?

Good: Nested selection. Long names. Bad: weak procedure division. no sub programs with parameters

Which language was required by Department of Defense?

COBOL

What was the design goals of BASIC?

Easy to learn Free + private access User time is more important than computer time

What was the 1st widely-used language with time sharing( many people use same computer)

BASIC

Who designed PL/I?

IBM + SHARE

Why was PL/I made?

scientists needed better I/O Business needed floating point + arrays

What was good + bad about PL/I

Good: exception handling unit-level concurrency Switch - selectable recursion Bad: poorly designed, too large and complex

Which 2 languages are dynamically typed (old)

APL and SNOBOL

Which languages were the early dynamic languages?

SNOBOL and APL

What was good and bad about APL?

Good: Highly expressive Bad: Difficult to read

Which language was initially used as a hardware description language?

APL

Which language were used to write text editors?

SNOBOL

What was good and bad about snobol?

Good: powerful operations for string pattern matching Bad: Slow

What was SIMULA 67 biggest contributions?

Coroutines + classes and objects

What did ALGOL 68 base is design upon?

Orthogonality

What was bad about ALGOL 68?

Too orthogonal

What was pascal designed for?

Teaching structured programming

For what was C first developed for?

For systems programming at Bell Labs

From where did C evolve?

ALGOL 68

What was the problem with prolog?

Very inefficient

What was the biggest design effort in history?

Ada for US DoD

What was some of the contributions that ada made?

Data abstraction Exception handling Concurrency

Which program had the first full implementation of true OO?

Smalltalk

By who was C++ developed?

Bell Labs

Difference between C++ and Java?

Java only supports OOP

Is Java more powerful than C++?

No also less flexible cause it doesnt have pointers

What type of language is Perl?

Scripting

What is nice about C#?

Component based development

What is a programming + markup hybrid language?

XSLT