Chapter 2

Question 1

Definition: objective measurements

Answer 1

The measure of an entity/behaviour that, within a margin of error, is consistent across instruments and the observer

Question 2

Definition: operational definition

Answer 2

Statements that describe the procedures/specific measures that one used to record observations

Question 3

Reliability + its types

Answer 3

When a measure provides consistent and stable answers across multiple observations
- test-retest
- alternate forms (same underlying knowledge)
- inter-rater

Question 4

Definition: generalizability

Answer 4

The degree to which one set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals, or events

Question 5

Generalizability: sample types

Answer 5

Random sample and convenience sample

Question 6

Generalizability: location

Answer 6

Lab vs naturalistic

Question 7

Definition: ecological validity

Answer 7

The degree to which the results of a lab study can be repeated in the natural environment

Question 8

Hawthorne effect

Answer 8

Situations in which behaviour changes when being observed

Question 9

Definition: Demand characteristics

Answer 9

Inadvertent cues given off by the experimenter/ experimental context that provide info about how participants are expected to behave

Question 10

Definition: social desirability

Answer 10

Research participants respond in ways that increase the chances that they will be viewed favorably

Question 11

Definition: observer expectancy effect

Answer 11

Researcher’s expectations that can influence subject’s behaviour

Question 12

Definition: placebo effect

Answer 12

A measurable + experienced improvement in heath or behaviour that cannot be attributable to meds or treatment

Question 13

Definition: single blind study

Answer 13

Participants don’t know true purpose of study/ placebo or not

Question 14

Definition: double blind study

Answer 14

Neither participant nor experimenter knows exact treatment

Question 15

Correlational research: 2 points

Answer 15

Direction: positive vs negative
Magnitude: correlation coefficient (-1 to +1)

Question 16

Definition: confounding variables

Answer 16

Variables outside of researcher’s control that may effect results
e.g. Dude woke up in a mood

Question 17

Between-subjects design

Answer 17

Participants in different groups are compared

Question 18

Within subjects design

Answer 18

All participants respond to all types of stimuli/experience all experimental conditions

Question 19

Quasi- experimental research

Answer 19

2 or more groups being compared as selected based on predetermined characteristics rather than random assignment
e.g. Men vs women

Question 20

How long is data kept after a study?

Answer 20

3-5 years, for replication purposes

Question 21

Definition: descriptive statistics

Answer 21

A set of techniques used to organize, summarize and interpret data

Question 22

Definition: Central tendency

Answer 22

The measure of the central point of a distribution
e.g. Mean, median, and mode

Question 23

Definition: standard deviation

Answer 23

A measure of variability around the mean
- represents units of distance away from central tendency