Chapter 2 Flashcards
Atom Structure, Isotopes, Electron Shells, Energy Configuration, Periodic Table Structure
Amount and direction of periods of the periodic table?
7 horizontal rows
Amount and direction of groups of the periodic table?
18 vertical columns
What is the US division of the groups?
1A-8A and 1B-8B
What columns are the main group elements?
2 groups 1A-2A and 6 groups 3A-8A
What columns are the transitional metals?
What columns are the transitional metals?
What columns are the inner transition metals?
14 groups between 3B and 4B
How are elements divided in the periodic table?
Metals, nonmetals and metalloids
What side are the metals in the periodic table?
Left
What side are the nonmetals in the periodic table?’
Right
Where are the metalloids in the periodic table?
Along the solid line of the periodic table
What column are the Alkali metals?
Column 1A
What are the Alkali metals from top to bottom?
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
What column are the Alkaline Earth metals?
Column 1B
What are the Alkaline Earth metals from top to bottom?
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
What column are the Halogens?
Column 7A
What are the Halogens from top to bottom?
F
Cl
Br
I
At
What column are the Noble Gasses?
Column 8A
What are the Noble Gasses from top to bottom?
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
What is the nucleus?
The dense core of the atom that holds protons and neutrons
The dense core of the atom that holds protons and neutrons
Empty space that holds electrons
What is the rule of particle charges?
Opposites attract, while equals repel
What is an atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
What is the equation to find the mass number of an atom
Number of protons + number of electrons
What is the atomic mass?
The weighted average of the masses of an element’s isotopes
How to find the atomic mass?
- List each isotope, its mass in atomic mass units (amu), and its abundance in nature
- Multiply the isotopic abundance by the mass of each isotope
- add total amu’s together.
What are shells?
The regions occupied by electrons around the nucleus that gives the nucleus a charge
Formula to find max number of electrons a shell can hold
2n^(2) where n = shell number
Are shells referred by letter or number?
Whole number
What are subshells?
The energy sublevel inside each shell that electrons occupy
Are subshells referred by letter or number?
Letter
What are orbitals?
Regions inside subshell that an electron can likely be found
Name each subshell with its orbitals and the amount of electrons it can hold
s: One orbital, Two electrons
p: Three orbitals, Six electrons
d: Five orbitals, Ten electrons
f: Seven orbitals, Fourteen electrons
How many electrons can an orbital hold?
2
What is the shape of an s orbital?
Spherical shape
What is the shape of a p orbital?
Dumbbell shape
First shell: Name subshells, orbitals and electrons
1s = 1 orbital: 2 electrons
2 electrons total
Second shell: Name subshells, orbitals and electrons
2s = 1 orbital = 2 electrons
2p = 3 orbitals = 6 electrons
8 electrons total
Third shell: Name subshells, orbitals and electrons
3s = 1 orbital: 2 electrons
3p = 3 orbitals: 6 electrons
3d = 5 orbitals: 10 electrons
Total electrons: 18
Fourth shell: Name subshells, orbitals and electrons
4s = 1 orbital = 2 electrons
3p = 3 orbitals = 6 electrons
4d = 5 orbitals = 10 electrons
4f: 7 orbitals = 14 electrons
Total electrons: 32
Fifth shell: Name subshells, orbitals and electrons
5s = 1 orbital = 2 electrons
5p = 3 orbitals = 6 electrons
5d = 5 orbitals = 10 electrons
5f: 7 orbitals = 14 electrons
Total electrons: 32
Sixth shell: Name subshells, orbitals and electron
6s = 1 orbital = 2 electrons
6p = 3 orbitals = 6 electrons
Total electrons: 8
Elements in the same column (group) have similar:
Electron configurations and chemical properties
Elements in the same column (group) have the same:
number of valence electrons
What are Electron Dot Symbols:?
Dots that represent valence electrons that are placed on the four sides of an element symbol
Elements with 1-4 valence electrons use single/paired dots for electron dot symbols?
Single
Elements with more than 4 valence electrons use single/paired dots for electron dot symbols?
Paired
Does the size of atoms increase or decrease down a column? Why?
Increase, valence electrons farther from the nucleus
Does the size of atoms increase or decrease across a row? Why?
Decrease, number of protons in nucleus increase, so valence electrons are brought closer
What is ionization energy?
Energy needed to remove an electron from a neutral atom
Do ionization energies increase or decrease down a column? Why?
Decrease, valence electrons get further from positive nucleus
Do ionization energies increase or decrease down a column? Why?
Do ionization energies increase or decrease down a column? Why?
