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Foundation of Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are all materials that occupy space

A

Matter

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2
Q

What are positive subatomic particles

A

protons

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3
Q

What is the simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler substances?

A

Atom

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4
Q

What are neutral subatomic particles

A

Neutrons

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5
Q

What are negative subatomic particles?

A

Electrons

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6
Q

What is pure substances with a characteristic number of protons, neutrons, and electrons and predictable chemical behaviors?

A

Elements

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7
Q

What is a mass number?

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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8
Q

What is an Atomic number?

A

number of protons

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9
Q

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen ________

A

make up most chemistry in biology

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10
Q

variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons are____

A

isotopes

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11
Q

Atomic weight is ?

A

average mass numbers of all isotopic forms

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12
Q

volumes of space surrounding the atomic
nucleus where electrons are likely to be found

A

Electron orbitals

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of bonds?

A
  1. Covalent bonds
    * Polar
    * Nonpolar
  2. Ionic bonds, and
  3. Hydrogen bonds
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14
Q

Covalent bonds –
* Polar covalent bonds –
* Nonpolar covalent bonds –

A

-electrons are shared among atoms
-unequal sharing
-equal sharing

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15
Q

What bond have one or more electrons from one atom are
removed and attached to another atom, forming positively
charged cations and negatively charged anions

A

Ionic

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16
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

weak bonds between hydrogen and other atoms.

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17
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation Is Loss ( electrons)
Reduction Is Gain (electrons)

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18
Q

What is a Oxidation-reduction reactions?

A

Energy exchange in cells is a result of the movement of
electrons from one molecule to another.

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19
Q

What is a mixture of one or more substances called solutes, dispersed in a dissolving medium called a solvent.

A

Solution

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20
Q

Amphipathic molecules - have both -_______c and
_________ properties like the cell membrane

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

21
Q

Hydrophilic molecules

A

Dissolves in water

22
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A

repel water

23
Q

What are Organic chemicals?

A

Compounds containing carbon bonded to hydrogen.

24
Q

What are large compounds produced by living things

A

Macromolecules

25
Q

What is a monomer?

A

a repeating subunit

26
Q

What is a chain of monomers?

A

Polymer

27
Q

What are 4 biological macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, Nucleic Acids.

28
Q

What is the general formula for a Carbohydrate?

A

CH2O
Backbone of carbon
Polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone

29
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Loss of water in a polymerization reaction

30
Q

What links subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bonds

31
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A

Provide cell structure, adhesion, and metabolism

32
Q

What are Long or complex, hydrophobic, C—H chains attached to a glycerol molecule
Created by dehydration synthesis?

A

Lipids

33
Q

What are Triglycerides used for?

A

Energy storage

34
Q

What are major cell membrane components?

A

Phospholipid

35
Q

What is found in cell membrance and animal hormones?

A

Steriods

36
Q

What type of lipid has glycerol with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
Bilayers of phospholipids form membranes

A

Phospholipids

37
Q

What type of lipid has cholesterol inserted into the phospholipid bilayer
that reinforces the membrane

A

Steroids

38
Q

What is the backbone of a protein?

A

Nitrogen - Carbon-Carbon

39
Q

Amino acids are attached through _______ _________to form proteins

A

Peptide bonds

40
Q

What is the flow of protein folding?

A

Primary- Secondary- Tertiary- Quaternary

41
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Pass hereditary material

42
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Protein syntesis

43
Q

What does DNA use?

A

ATCG- nitrogen base

44
Q

What does RNA use?

A

AUCG- nitrogen base

45
Q

A nucleotide, composed of a phosphate, a pentose sugar,
and a nitrogenous base (either A, T, C, G, or U) is the monomer of_______ ______ _______ ____?

A

Both DNA and RNA

46
Q

In RNA, the polymer is
composed of alternating
ribose (R) and phosphate
(P) attached to nitrogenous
bases (A,U,C,G), but it is
usually a _____ _______.

A

Single strand

47
Q

DNA is _____.

A

Semi conservative

48
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

Transfer and storage of energy by breaking bonds.

Foundation of Microbiology (4 decks)

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