CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
Light moves at great speed (approximately _______________ through the vacuum of space.)
300,000 km or 186, 000 miles per second
Speed of Light energy travels through space at 186,000 miles per second or approximately ___________ around the earth in each second.
seven and halftimes
When traveling through water glass, the speed of light energy is ________ and the various wavelengths travel at slightly different speeds. This makes it possible to break up abeam of white light through a glass prism into the spectrum of colors.
reduced
Any phenomenon having a periodic disturbance of some sort and travels outward from a source.
WAVE
Light maybe visualized as such the high points are called __________.
crests
Light maybe visualized as such the low points are called __________.
troughs
The distance between two successive crests (or troughs) is called a __________.
wavelength
Different types of radiations.
- Gamma ray
- X-ray
- Ultraviolet
- Infrared
- Microwave
- Radio
The mentioned light colors and their combinations constitute the so-called ___________ as their presence could be detected by the human eye.
visible light
Radiations which cannot be detected by the eye as receptors.
invisible lights or invisible rays
The region on the left of the visible light. In wavelength it extends from 400 to 200 millimicrons.
Ultra-violet
The radiations to the right of the visible light. Which are too long in wavelength to excite the retina to an impression of light.
Infrared rays
The skin detects Infrared ray’s impact as __________.
heat
The usual units used to measure the wavelength of the different types of radiation which make up to the electromagnetic spectrum are the __________ and __________.
Millimicron and the Angstrom
It is the science concerned with the behavior of light.
Optics.
TWO MAIN SOURCES OF LIGHT
- Natural
- Artificial
Refers to the daylight coming from the sun, which is generally utilized for outdoor photography.
NATURAL LIGHT
Classification of Natural light according to its intensity.
A. Bright Light
B. Hazy Light
C. Dull Light
A lighting condition wherein objects in open space cast a deep on uniform shadow
Bright Light
A lighting condition wherein the objects in open space cast a transparent shadow
Hazy Light
In hazy light condition, the sun is covered by the clouds and shadow which appears ________ because of the decrease of the light falling on the subjects in open space.
bluish
A lighting condition wherein the objects in open space cast no shadow.
Dull Light
In dull light conditions, the sun is totally covered by thick clouds. _________ are formed due to the uniform illumination of light around the subjects in open space
No shadow
This refers to man-made sources of light used or utilized for indoor photography to align the adverse lightning conditions. It is also utilized to align the hazy or dull light in outdoor photography.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
SOURCES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
A. CONTINUOUS DURATION
B. SHORT DURATION
Illumination emanates in an electric discharge lamp of the mercury.
Fluorescent Lamp
It consists of a conducting filament enclosed within a glass bulb heated by the electric current until it emits light. Radiation’s mostly extending from 500 to about 760 millimicrons. The intensity varies as well as the color temperature if the voltage is not made constant.
Incandescent Lamps/ Tungsten Light
It can be placed in almost any position. They can be placed to shine from below giving mysterious and strange effects of fright to observers of the picture. They can be placed up very high producing deep-shadows underneath of protruding surfaces; if subject is a person standing, he will appear gloomy and somber.
Photoflood Lamps
A type of lamp that emits infrared radiation, a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light.
Infrared Lamp
A device for producing electromagnetic radiations in the wavelengths between those of visible light and X-rays.
Ultraviolet Lamp
A one-time light bulb giving a single bright burst of light, used in photography.
Flash Bulbs
Also called the LED flashing light bar: they come in all shapes and sizes
Flash bar
A cube, for attaching to a camera, that contains a flashbulb in each vertical side and rotates automatically for taking four flash pictures in succession
Flash Cube
An electronic device for producing a very bright flash of light by means of an electric discharge in a gas-filled tube
Electronic flash
LIGHTING SYSTEMS THAT AFFECT PHOTO-TAKING
Haze (Mist of Fog)
Direction of Light
Frontal lighting
Side lighting
The particles in the air act as filter, rendering objects very soft in an image except for those in the foreground. The farther away from the camera, the more that detail seems to merge and dissolve into the background
Haze (Mist of Fog)
Light that falls on your subject is very important. Obviously, you can’t move the sun, but you can move your subject or your camera position to get the desired effect. You can also choose the time of day to best illuminate your subject.
Direction of Light
strikes the surface of the subject straight-on. The sun (or other light source) is behind the camera and the floods the scene evenly with light.
Frontal lightning
Frontal lightning is easy to work with, but often yields unsatisfactory results. If you are photographing a person, the shadows will be cast behind your subject, creating your photo often ___________ and colors may be _________.
lack depth and colors may be washed out
Occurs when the light source skims across the surface of the subject facing your lens, which emphasizes texture and shape. This lightning is great for landscapes, weathered buildings, and other situations in which you want to reveal texture and depth in your images. Backlighting.
Side-lighting (Slide-lighting)
When light strikes a surface and rebounds. It is called incident light.
REFLECTION
The angle at which reflected light strikes.
Incident angle
KINDS OF REFLECTION
- Specular
- Defuse
If the surface is smooth and polished that the reflected rays are not scattered.
SPECULAR REFLECTION
When reflected light is scattered by a rough surface. A reflected wave always comes off the surface of a material at an angle equal to the angle at which the incoming wave hit the surface.
DIFFUSE REFLECTION
“The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection”. In physics, this is called the __________.
Law of Reflectance
Light rays may be allowed to pass through some media they encounter.
TRANSMISSION
When light falls upon an object and is neither transmitted nor reflected, it is absorbed. It makes an object dark or opaque to the frequency of the incoming wave.
ABSORPTION
A ray of light which passes obliquely from a medium such as air through a substance of different density is bent.
REFRACTION
It is called refracted image. It happens when air near the ground is much hotter than air higher up.
MIRAGE
▪︎ A light in space and not within the gravitational field of any object travels in a straight line. The bending of light around as object.
▪︎ This phenomenon is responsible for the partial illumination of object parts not directly in the path of the light.
DIFFRACTION
KINDS OF MATERIALS:
a. TRANSPARENT
b. TRANSLUCENT
c. OPAQUE
If the object permits light to pass through it, as a clear pane of glass or lens.
TRANSPARENT
If an object scatters light to pass through it.
TRANSLUCENT
An object that does not permit light to pass through it.
OPAQUE
TYPES OF ACCESSORY FLASH UNITS
- Manual Flash
- Automatic Flash
- Dedicated light unit
- Built-in Flash
- Off camera Flash
- Flash Synchronization Speed
These flash units require you to figure out the correct exposure for your shooting conditions.
Manual Flash
These flash units use automatic sensors to control light output and duration based on the distance from the camera to the subject. When you set the aperture you want to use, the flash will automatically calculate how much light is needed to illuminate a specific distance range, such as 3 to 15 feet; the flash unit will have an electric eye that reads the amount of light bouncing back from the subject.
Automatic Flash
They are made to work with your camera in specific electronic means (hence the name). They will do all the thinking for the photographer: automatically setting the correct shutter speed and aperture, and controlling the exposure by regulating flash duration.
Dedicated Light Unit
A flash unit built into the camera
Built-in Flash Unit
A flash unit not mounted on the camera
Off camera Flash
Is a shutter speed that can be used when working with a flash unit to obtain evenly lit results.
Flash synchronization speed
LASER
Light Amplification through Simulated Emission of Radiation
Is photographic apparatus used to expose sensitized film or plates to reflected light images formed by a lens.
CAMERA
A light tight box with a means of forming the image, holding sensitized materials, and controlling the amount of light that will reach the film.
CAMERA
MODERN CAMERA TYPE
1) FOLDING CAMERA
2) RANGEFINDER
3) POINT-AND-SHOOT CAMERA
4) SINGLE-LENS REFLEX CAMERA
5) PARALLAX PROBLEM
6) MEDIUM-FORMAT CAMERA
7) DOUBLE-LENS REFLEX CAMERA
8) POLAROID CAMERA
9) DIGITAL SINGLE-LENS REFLEX
Camera that fold into a compact and rugged package for storage. The lens and shutter are attached to a lens-board which is connected to the body of the camera by a light-tight folding bellows. When the camera is fully unfolded it provides the correct focus distance from the film.
Folding Camera
Were the first cameras to have an optical viewfinder-that is, a separate, window-like lens through which the photographer sees and frames the subject. The viewfinder is paired with an adjacent window.
Rangefinder Cameras
Battery-operated electronic systems that may include automatic controls for exposure, focusing, flash, film winding, and film rewinding.
Point-and-Shoot Cameras
The photographer uses a single lens for both viewing the scene and taking the picture.
Single-lens Reflex Cameras
The image seen by the lens of a compact camera is not exactly the same as the image that appears in the viewfinder
Parallax Problem
Use wide rolls or film for better image definition. These cameras tend to be more expensive, and lenses tend to be large
Medium-format cameras
It can capture more detail, nuance, and tonality than smaller sensors, making them ideal for professional applications such as landscape, portrait, fashion, architecture, and fine art photography.
Medium-format cameras
Two cameras in one. The upper half consists of a lens, mirror and ground glass that show the full image of the scene almost exactly as it will appear in the final contract print. The lower half consist of a lens, diaphragm, shutter, camera box and 120 size roll film holder which is usually standard in the lens reflex. The camera has permanently fix lenses, and an automatic PARALLAX adjustment.
Double-lens Reflex Cameras
Instant camera delivers a finished print directly following exposure.
Polaroid Cameras
A type of camera that uses a mirror mechanism to direct light from the lens to an optical viewfinder, which shows a preview of the image that will be captured. When you press the shutter button to take a photo, the mirror flips up, allowing light to hit the image sensor directly and capture the image.
Digital Single-Lens Reflex
OTHER TYPES OF CAMERAS
- MINIATURE CAM
- ULTRA MINIATURE
- SUBMINIATURE
- PRESS CAMERA
- STUDIO CAM
- VIDEO STILL CAM
- UNDERWATER
- ADVANCE PHOTO SYSTEM CAMERA
Are precision instrument designed for small objects. Best known is the 35mm camera which has an optical and mechanical standard which exceeds that of larger cameras. Minute in accuracies, Noticeable with larger negatives could make the miniature negative worthless.
Miniature Camera
The MINOA was the first and became popular during the WW II as a spy camera. It was designed to copy documents. It is expensive as good press camera and not early as useful.
Ultra Miniature
In this category is the well known Minox and others like it, it well as the best pocket instamatics. The Minox makes a negative 9x11mm while 110 size pictures from Instamatics are 13x17mm.When their lenses are well made, all of theses cameras are capable of surprising sharpness and picture quality but they are best suited for play rather than work.
Subminiature
Used in commercial and news photography. The bellows can extend to two to three times their normal length. With this feature, the record very small objects which mark this camera ideally mixed for reproduction and small object photography
Press Camera
Construction of these cameras is similar to the view camera but is used primarily for portraiture copy work, small photography and the indoor photography.
Studio Camera
A view camera but smaller and designed to be folded up when not in used.
Graphic Camera
This is a relatively new camera. It uses a computer disk instead of conventional film and the pictures can be viewed on a television screen or video monitor, or sent away to be made into prints.
Video Still Camera
It is a camera that designed for underwater shooting.
Underwater Cameras
The new system that was introduced in 1996. APS film can be used only into the camera, the film loads automatically.
Advanced Photo System (APS) Cameras
