Chapter 2 Flashcards
first and most important phase of the system design and development process
Conceptual Design Phase
it is an early and high-level life-cycle activity with the potential to establish, commit, and otherwise predetermine the function, form, cost, and development schedule of the desired system and its products
Conceptual Design Phase
it should be performed with the objective of translating a broadly defined “want” into a more specific system-level requirement
Need Analysis
A structured process or mechanism for determining customer requirements and translating them into relevant technical requirements that each functional area and organization level can understand and act upon.
Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Process
Step 1: The customer and the customer needs and wants: The voice of the customer
Step 2: Translating the voice of the customer: The QFD Process
System Operational Requirements
- Mission
- Performance or physical parameters
- Operational deployment or distribution
- Operational life cycle
- Utilization requirement
- Effectiveness factors
- Environment
Translates customer requirements into technical requirements
Product Planning
Translates technical requirements into component characteristics
Product Design
the systems engineering process generally commmences with the identification of a “want” or “desire” for something based on some “real” deficiency
Problem Definition and Need Identification
Identifies process steps and parameters and translates them into process characteristics
Process Planning
Assigns control methods to process characteristics
Process-Control Planning
It is also known as advance development
Preliminary Design Phase
It extends the translation of system level requirements into design requirements for the subsystem level
Preliminary Design Phase
It refers to a specific or discrete action that is necessary to achieve a given objective
Function
It is accomplished with the objective of evaluating the different technological approaches that may be considered in responding to the specified functional requirements
Feasibility Analysis
Is an iterative process of breaking requirements down from the system level to the subsystem and as far down the hierarchical structure as necessary to identify input design criteria and or/ constraints for the various elements of the system.
Functional Analysis
Requirements for Feasibility Anslysis
- Identify the various possible design approaches that can be pursed to meet the requirements
- Evaluate the most likeley candidates in terms of performance effectiveness, logistics requirement, and life-cycle economic criteria
- Recommend a preferred approach
identification of the prime mission of the system and alternate or secondary mission
Mission definition
definition of the operating characteristics or functions of the system such as size, weight, range, accuracy, bits, capacity, transportation, receive, etc.
Performance and Physical Parameters
identification of the quantity of equipment, software, personnel, facilities, and so on.
expected geographical location to include transportation and mobility requirements
Operational deployment or distribution
anticipated time that the system will be in operational use
Operational life cycle (horizon)
anticipated usage of the system and its elements (e.g., hrs of operations per day, percentage of total capacity, operational cycles per month, facility loading, etc.)
Utilization requirement
Effectiveness Factors
a) Cost/system effectiveness
b) Operational availability, readiness rate, dependability
c) Logistics support effectiveness
d) Mean time between maintenance (MTBM)
e) Failure rate
f) Maintenance downtime (MDT)
g) Facility utilization
h) Operator skill levels
i) Task accomplishment requirements
j) Personnel efficiency
Serves as a basis in the development of the following:
- Electrical and mechanical design for functional packaging, condition monitoring and diagnostics provisions
- Reliability models and block diagram
- FMECA
- FTA
- RCM Analysis
- System safety/ hazards analysis
- Maintainability Analysis
- Level of repair analysis
- MTA
- OTA
- OSDs
- Supportability analysis
- Operating and maintenance procedures
- Functionality and disposability analysis
Functional Analysis
system is expected to operate (e.g., temperature, humidity, artic or tropics, mountains, or flat terrain, airborne, ground, shipboard, etc.)
Environment
Maintenance and Support Concept
- Maintenance and support planning
- Supply support (spare/repair parts and associated inventories)
- Maintenance and support personnel
- Training and training support
- Test, measurement, handling, and support equipment
- Packaging, handling, storage/warehousing, and transportation
- Maintenance facilities
- Computer resources (hardware and software)
- Technical data, information systems, and databases structures
FMECA
Failure mode, effect, and criticality analysis
FTA
Failure Tree Analysis
RCM
Reliability-centered maintenance analysis
MTA
Maintenance Task Analysis
specific performace-related factors are identified and applied with the objectives of ensuring that the system will be designed and developed such that it will satisfactorily accomplish its intended mission
Technical Performance Measures (TPMs)
OTA
Operator Task Analysis
OSDs
Operational Sequence Diagrams
This involves a top-down distribution of the quantitative and qualitative criteria through the QFD analysis.
Allocation of Requirement
may be applied as “design-to” criteria for the prime, the maintenance, and logistics support
Technical Performance Measures (TPMs)
Allocation of Requirement
- Reliability Allocation
- Maintainability Allocation
Technical Performance Measures (TPMs)
- Process time (days)
- Velocity (mph)
- Availability (Operational)
- Size (feet)
- Human factors
- Weight (pounds)
- Maintainability (MTBM)
In a generic sense, can be defined as “the probability that a system or product will perform in a satisfactory manner for a given period of time when used under specified operating conditions
Reliability
This technique is a straightforward method that assigns equal reliability requirements for all subsystems based on the system requirements. While being easy to compute, it lacks the sophistication to discriminate between actual subsystem reliabilities.
Equal Apportionment Technique
The _________ for the system is first determined and then previous history or other estimation methods are used to provide a _________ for each subsystem to determine what the __________ must be achieve the __________.
Failure Rate, Weighing (wi), Individual Subsystem Failure Rate, System Reliability Requirement
is that characteristic of design and installation that reflects the ease, accuracy, safety, and economy of performing maintenance actions
Maintainability
Detail design baseline derived during ________
preliminary design
Steps of Detail Design and Development Phase
- Definition of system elements
- Preparation of design data
- Development of physical models of the system or major system component
- Conductance of system integration and test.
Procurement and acquisition of _________ begin, components are combined and integrated into a next higher assembly, and a physical model of a system is constructed fortest and evaluation
system components
The integration, test and evaluation steps constitute a bottom-up activity and should result in a ________ that can be assessed for a compliance with initially specified customer requirements
configuration
overall system and its major subsystems in hand, one may proceed to the realization of specific system components
Detail Design and Development Phase
subsystems, units, assemblies, lower-level component parts, software, data, and the elements of logistics support
- Decomposition
Definition of system elements
specification, drawing, databases, and electronics data files, trade-off study reports, analysis results, and so on, describing all facets of the system
Preparation of design data
engineering laboratory models, service test models, mock-ups, and prototype models for the purpose of test and evaluation
Development of physical models of the system or major system components
The verification of system characteristics and that the requirements have been met. Deficiencies are noted and corrected through redesign, system modification, and retest as necessary
Conductance of system integration and test
translating the preliminary design to tangible components
Detail Design and Development Phase
The ___________ has been established with the overall objective of integrating the various system elements
design team
Enumeration:
Integration of system elements
- Hardware,
- Components
- Software
- People
- System Requirements
- Real Estate
- Facilities
- Data/Information
- Consumables
The application of ____ and ____ tools enables the projection of many different design alternatives throughout the life cycle.
CAE (computer-aided engineering)
CAD (computer-aided design)
As an additional aid to the designer, physical three-dimensional scale models or _______ are sometimes constructed to provide a realistic simulation of a proposed system configuration
mockups
A ________ represents the production/construction configuration of a system (and its elements) in all aspects of form, fit, and function except that it has not been fully “qualified” in terms of operational and environmental testing
prototype model
The purpose it to assist in the verification and technical concepts and various system design approaches. Areas of noncompliance with the specified requirements are identified and corrective action is initiated as required.
System Prototype Development
method to documenting design rapidly as an impact from advance of information technology systems
Detail Design Tools and Aids
Enumeration:
Design Documentation methods
- Design drawings
- Materials and part lists
- Analyses and reports
represent a working system or/an element of the system, that will exhibit the functional performance characteristic define in this specification
Engineering Models
Develop in either preliminary system design stage and primarily to verify technical feasibility
Engineering Models
represents working of element of the system that reflects the end product in terms of functional performance and physical dimensions
Service Test Models
The ____________ may be develop in the detail design stage to verify the functional performance/physical configuration interface
Service Test Models
represents the production configuration in all aspect, form, fit, and function except that it has not fully qualified in terms of operational and environmental testing
Prototype Model Represent
Enumeration:
Detail Design Reviews
- Equipment/Software Design Review
- Critical Design Review
- Design Review Goal
comprehensive analysis of all the equipment, software, and any other elements
Equipment/Software Design Review
will be doing after comprehensive analysis of all the elements, before releasing to the production
Critical Design Review
success of formal design review is dependent on depth planning, organization, and data preparation
Design Review Goal
initially established during the conceptual design phase of life cycle preferably in parallel with the definition of the overall design requirements for the system.
System Test, Evaluation, and Validation
the examination and assessment of a system in terms of worth, quality of performance, degree of effectiveness, anticipated costs and so on
System Test, Evaluation, and Validation
Enumeration:
Stages of System Testing and Evaluation
- Analytical
- Type I Testing
- Type II Testing
- Type III Testing
- Type IV Testing
it pertains to certain design evaluation that can be conducted early in the system life cycle using computerized techniques to introduce CAD, CAM, CALS, simulation, rapid prototyping, and related approaches
evaluation using design workstations and analytical models (CAD, CAE, CAM, CAS)
Analytical
it refers primarily to the evaluation of the system components in the laboratory using engineering breadboards, bench test models, service test models, rapid prototyping
function testing if the prototype meets the performance specification
evaluation of engineering and service test models, system components, breadboards, mock-ups, rapid prototyping
Type 1 Testing
Enumeration:
Type 2 Testing
- Environmental Qualifications
- Reliability Qualification
- Maintainability Demonstration
- Support Equipment Compatibility
- Technical Data Verification
- Personnel Test and Evaluation
- Software Compatibility
Evaluation of prototype and production models (production sampling)
Type 2 Testing
temperature cycling, shock and vibration, humidity, sand and dust, salt spray, acoustic noise, explosion proofing, and electromagnetic interface
Environmental Qualifications
sequential testing, life testing, environmental stressscreening (ESS), and test, analyze and fix
Reliability Qualifications
verification of maintenance tasks, task times and sequences, maintenance personnel quantities, and skill levels, degree of testability and diagnostic provisions, prime equipment - test equipment interfaces, maintenance procedures, and maintenance facilities
Maintainability Demonstration
among the prime equipment, test and support equipment, and ground handling equipment
Support Equipment Compatibility
the verification and validation of operating procedures, maintenance procedures, and supporting data
Technical Data Verification
verification to ensure the compatibility among the human and equipment, the personnel quantities and skill levels required, and training needs
employee are need to be trained to use the prototype
Personnel test and evaluation
verification that software meets the system requirements, the compatibility between software and hardware, and that the appropriate quality provisions have been incorporated
Software compatibility
it includes the completion of formal tests and designed field test sites by user personnel over an extended period of time. Operating personnel, operational test and support equipment, operational spares, applicable computer software, and validated operating and maintenance procedures are used.
formal testing, involvement to the real scenario
production models evaluated at designated test sites
Type 3 Testing
it is conducted during the system operational use and life-cycle support phase, includes formal tests that re sometimes conducted to acquire specific information relative to some are of operation or support
continuous evaluation of the system in operational use
Type 4 Testing
system test and evaluation requirements defined
Conceptual Design
