CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
a pregnancy with a pre-existing or developing condition that threatens the progression of the pregnancy, labor and delivery of a healthy term infant.
Risk Pregnancy
are characteristics or circumstances of a person or group that are associated with an increased risk of developing or being affected by a morbid process.
Risk Factors
a person with an increased expectation of disease or complication.
At-Risk Individual
Used to describe a situation in which a mother, her fetus, or both are at higher risk for problems during pregnancy or delivery than in a typical pregnancy.
High Risk Pregnancy
Personal-social factors that may put pregnancy at risk:
Maternal Age (below 16 y/o & above 35 y/o)
Birth interval
Weight (less than 100 lb and more than 200 pounds)
Height (less than 5 feet)
Parity
Socio-economic factors that may put pregnancy at risk:
Poor diet/ nutritional deficiencies
Low income
Low educational level
Behavioral factors that may put pregnancy at risk:
Maternal behavior
Smoking
Use of drugs
Use of alcohol
Intake of caffeine
Parity: period of higher risk
First pregnancy
Parity: risk of death for the mother is at its LOWEST
Second, Third, & Fourth Pregnancy
Parity: risk is increased when mother is over 40 years old
Fifth Pregnancy
a hereditary endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate or lack of insulin production that results in impaired glucose absorption and metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia.
Diabetes Mellitus
• a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy
• The onset of glucose intolerance during pregnancy
• Formally defined as “any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy”
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
a state characterized by the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas that usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency.
Type 1 DM
a state that usually arises because of insulin resistance combined with a relative deficiency in the production of insulin.
Type 2 DM
a condition of abnormal glucose metabolism that arises during pregnancy. Possible signal of an increased risk for type 2 diabetes later in life.
Gestational Diabetes
a state between “normal” and “diabetes” in which the body is no longer using and /or secreting insulin properly.
Impaired glucose homeostasis
What are the types of GDM?
Type A-1-diet controlled
Type A-2-diet and insulin controlled
abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) but normal blood glucose levels during fasting and 2 hours after meals; diet modification is sufficient to control glucose levels
Type A-1-diet controlled
abnormal OGTT compounded by abnormal glucose levels during fasting and/or after meals; additional therapy with insulin or other medications is required
Type A-2-diet and insulin controlled
Risk Factors in Developing GDM
- Obesity
- Age over 25 years
- History of large babies (10 lbs or more)
- History of unexplained fetal or perinatal loss
- History of congenital anomalies in previous pregnancies
- History of polycystic ovary syndrome
- Family history of DM
- Member of a population with a high risk for diabetes (Native American, Hispanic, Asian)
Signs and Symptoms of GDM:
Hyperglycemia
Glycosuria
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Weight loss
Ketoacidosis
pancreas does not produce enough insulin, thus glucose is unable to enter the cells & accumulates in the bloodstream resulting in _________
Hyperglycemia
-when blood glucose levels goes beyond the renal threshold for sugar, glucose spills on the urine.
Glycosuria
glucose attracts water so that when it is excreted in the kidney, it brings along with it large amounts of water resulting in the woman excreting large amounts of urine, a condition called ______
Polyuria
