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Experimental Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The “I knew it all along” phenomenon; our intuitive sense predicts things that just happened and will happen

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2
Q

What is operationalizing?

A

Taking a qualitative measurement and making it quantifyable/giving it meaning

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3
Q

What is a theory?

A

An explanation for a series of events in the world

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4
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

Good at describing behavior but it is limited in explaining it

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5
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

One group of participants take part in both control and experimental tasks

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6
Q

What are the advantages of using a repeated measures design?

A

Requires less participants, time, and money; can control for variable such as age, height, and weight

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of repeated measures?

A

Order effects and demand characteristics

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8
Q

What is an independent groups design?

A

Different participants are in each group; each are exposed to different tasks

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9
Q

What are the advantages of independent groups designs?

A

Avoids order effects and are less likely to be affected by demand characteristics

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of independent groups designs?

A

Participant variables (age, height, race) could influence results, and a bigger sample is needed

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11
Q

What is a matched pairs design?

A

There are two groups that were matched based on their characteristics

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12
Q

What are the advantages of a matched pairs design?

A

Avoids order effects and avoids participant variables

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of a matched pairs design?

A

It requires a big sample and it isn’t practical

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14
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Masks disrupt holistic processing, is usually a statement

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15
Q

What are the 4 steps in a research investigation?

A

Theory, method, data, reporting/dissemination

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16
Q

What’s involved in a theory?

A

The research question and hypothesis

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17
Q

What’s involved in the method?

A

Sampling, instrumentation, ethics

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18
Q

What’s involved in the data?

A

Collection, entry, analysis

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19
Q

Which research method uses randomized sampling?

A

Experimental

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20
Q

Which research method uses natural sampling?

A

Quasi-experimental

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21
Q

Which researh method uses cross-sectional surveys?

A

Non-experimental

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22
Q

What are the two way of collecting data?

A

Self-report and observational

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23
Q

What is validity?

A

The extent to which an instrument actually measures what it is meant to measure

24
Q

What is reliability?

A

How consistent a measuring instrument is

25
Q

What does WEIRD stand for?

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic

26
Q

WEIRD samples…

A

Make up 99% of all published samples and cannot draw conclusions about humanity as a whole

27
Q

What is field research?

A

Behavior that is observed in a real-world setting; poor control over conditions but measures may be more representative of reality

28
Q

What is a laboratory research setting?

A

Research setting that provides uniform conditions for everyone, may seem artificial

29
Q

What is remote data collection?

A

Takes the laboratory into the field setting; has some experimental control but experimenter cannot control the environment. Allows researcher to reach more people and usually involves payment

30
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Any variable that has the potential to affect the DV in an experiment

31
Q

What is a confound variable?

A

A variable that affects the DV in a systematic way

NOT THE SAME AS A CONFOUND

32
Q

What is a within-subjects variable?

A

Participants are exposed to every level of the IV; more statistical power with few subjects, there can be order effects that can be countered with counterbalancing

33
Q

What is a between-subjects variable?

A

Participants are exposed to only one level of the IV, there is less statistical power but there are no order effects

34
Q

Exact replication is…

A

following the previous study’s recipe exactly

35
Q

Conceptual replication…

A

following the previous study’s basic idea

36
Q

What is sampling bias?

A

Unable to generalize your results due to the sample

37
Q

What is a self-report bias?

A

People lie about their behavior to seem liek better people

38
Q

What is experimenter bias?

A

Knowing your hypothesis, you can treat certain participants differently because your judgement is clouded

39
Q

What is publication bias?

A

When publishers don’t report null findings; null findings can be just as important as any finding

40
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

They summarize some characteristic of the sample

41
Q

What are the types of descriptive statistics?

A

Central tendency and spread/dispersion

42
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Tests for significant differents or relationships among variables in the sample; correlation (Pearson’s product-moment), T-test, ANOVA (One-way and factorial)

43
Q

Mean

A

Average of all scores in sample

44
Q

Median

A

Midpoint or midscore in a distribution

45
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent score in a distribution

46
Q

Range

A

Distance between lowest and hhighest scores in a distribution

47
Q

Variance

A

Average of squared distances of individual points from the mean

48
Q

Standard deviation

A

A summary statistic of how much scores vary from the mean (sqrt of variance)

49
Q

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)

A

A statement that the valued results are EQUAL TO some claimed value; either rejected or fail to reject

denoted H0

50
Q

Alternate Hypothesis Testing

A

Statement that the parameter has a value that somehow differs from the null hypothesis

denoted H1 or Ha or HA

51
Q

P value

A

The probability calculated assuming that the null hypothesis is TRUE

P< 0.05 is the typical criterion

52
Q

Steps of NHST

A

State hypothesis, set the criterion for a decision, compute correct test statistic, make decision

53
Q

Correlation

A

How variables are related to one another, observing the change in either

54
Q

Correlation coefficient: Pearson’s r

A

Provides a statistical measure of how closely 2 things vary together and how well one predicts the other

55
Q
A

Experimental Cognitive Psychology (2 decks)

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