Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Experimental Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The “I knew it all along” phenomenon; our intuitive sense predicts things that just happened and will happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is operationalizing?

A

Taking a qualitative measurement and making it quantifyable/giving it meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a theory?

A

An explanation for a series of events in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

Good at describing behavior but it is limited in explaining it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

One group of participants take part in both control and experimental tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the advantages of using a repeated measures design?

A

Requires less participants, time, and money; can control for variable such as age, height, and weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the disadvantages of repeated measures?

A

Order effects and demand characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an independent groups design?

A

Different participants are in each group; each are exposed to different tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the advantages of independent groups designs?

A

Avoids order effects and are less likely to be affected by demand characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the disadvantages of independent groups designs?

A

Participant variables (age, height, race) could influence results, and a bigger sample is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a matched pairs design?

A

There are two groups that were matched based on their characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the advantages of a matched pairs design?

A

Avoids order effects and avoids participant variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the disadvantages of a matched pairs design?

A

It requires a big sample and it isn’t practical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Masks disrupt holistic processing, is usually a statement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 steps in a research investigation?

A

Theory, method, data, reporting/dissemination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s involved in a theory?

A

The research question and hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s involved in the method?

A

Sampling, instrumentation, ethics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s involved in the data?

A

Collection, entry, analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which research method uses randomized sampling?

A

Experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which research method uses natural sampling?

A

Quasi-experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which researh method uses cross-sectional surveys?

A

Non-experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two way of collecting data?

A

Self-report and observational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is validity?

A

The extent to which an instrument actually measures what it is meant to measure

24
Q

What is reliability?

A

How consistent a measuring instrument is

25
What does WEIRD stand for?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic
26
WEIRD samples...
Make up 99% of all published samples and cannot draw conclusions about humanity as a whole
27
What is field research?
Behavior that is observed in a real-world setting; poor control over conditions but measures may be more representative of reality
28
What is a laboratory research setting?
Research setting that provides uniform conditions for everyone, may seem artificial
29
What is remote data collection?
Takes the laboratory into the field setting; has some experimental control but experimenter cannot control the environment. Allows researcher to reach more people and usually involves payment
30
What are extraneous variables?
Any variable that has the potential to affect the DV in an experiment
31
What is a confound variable?
A variable that affects the DV in a systematic way | NOT THE SAME AS A CONFOUND
32
What is a within-subjects variable?
Participants are exposed to every level of the IV; more statistical power with few subjects, there can be order effects that can be countered with counterbalancing
33
What is a between-subjects variable?
Participants are exposed to only one level of the IV, there is less statistical power but there are no order effects
34
Exact replication is...
following the previous study's recipe exactly
35
Conceptual replication...
following the previous study's basic idea
36
What is sampling bias?
Unable to generalize your results due to the sample
37
What is a self-report bias?
People lie about their behavior to seem liek better people
38
What is experimenter bias?
Knowing your hypothesis, you can treat certain participants differently because your judgement is clouded
39
What is publication bias?
When publishers don't report null findings; null findings can be just as important as any finding
40
What are descriptive statistics?
They summarize some characteristic of the sample
41
What are the types of descriptive statistics?
Central tendency and spread/dispersion
42
What are inferential statistics?
Tests for significant differents or relationships among variables in the sample; correlation (Pearson's product-moment), T-test, ANOVA (One-way and factorial)
43
Mean
Average of all scores in sample
44
Median
Midpoint or midscore in a distribution
45
Mode
Most frequent score in a distribution
46
Range
Distance between lowest and hhighest scores in a distribution
47
Variance
Average of squared distances of individual points from the mean
48
Standard deviation
A summary statistic of how much scores vary from the mean (sqrt of variance)
49
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)
A statement that the valued results are EQUAL TO some claimed value; either rejected or fail to reject ## Footnote denoted H0
50
Alternate Hypothesis Testing
Statement that the parameter has a value that somehow differs from the null hypothesis ## Footnote denoted H1 or Ha or HA
51
P value
The probability calculated assuming that the null hypothesis is TRUE ## Footnote P< 0.05 is the typical criterion
52
Steps of NHST
State hypothesis, set the criterion for a decision, compute correct test statistic, make decision
53
Correlation
How variables are related to one another, observing the change in either
54
Correlation coefficient: Pearson's r
Provides a statistical measure of how closely 2 things vary together and how well one predicts the other
55

Experimental Cognitive Psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions