Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is hindsight bias?
The “I knew it all along” phenomenon; our intuitive sense predicts things that just happened and will happen
What is operationalizing?
Taking a qualitative measurement and making it quantifyable/giving it meaning
What is a theory?
An explanation for a series of events in the world
What is a naturalistic observation?
Good at describing behavior but it is limited in explaining it
What is a repeated measures design?
One group of participants take part in both control and experimental tasks
What are the advantages of using a repeated measures design?
Requires less participants, time, and money; can control for variable such as age, height, and weight
What are the disadvantages of repeated measures?
Order effects and demand characteristics
What is an independent groups design?
Different participants are in each group; each are exposed to different tasks
What are the advantages of independent groups designs?
Avoids order effects and are less likely to be affected by demand characteristics
What are the disadvantages of independent groups designs?
Participant variables (age, height, race) could influence results, and a bigger sample is needed
What is a matched pairs design?
There are two groups that were matched based on their characteristics
What are the advantages of a matched pairs design?
Avoids order effects and avoids participant variables
What are the disadvantages of a matched pairs design?
It requires a big sample and it isn’t practical
What is a hypothesis?
Masks disrupt holistic processing, is usually a statement
What are the 4 steps in a research investigation?
Theory, method, data, reporting/dissemination
What’s involved in a theory?
The research question and hypothesis
What’s involved in the method?
Sampling, instrumentation, ethics
What’s involved in the data?
Collection, entry, analysis
Which research method uses randomized sampling?
Experimental
Which research method uses natural sampling?
Quasi-experimental
Which researh method uses cross-sectional surveys?
Non-experimental
What are the two way of collecting data?
Self-report and observational
What is validity?
The extent to which an instrument actually measures what it is meant to measure
What is reliability?
How consistent a measuring instrument is
What does WEIRD stand for?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic
WEIRD samples…
Make up 99% of all published samples and cannot draw conclusions about humanity as a whole
What is field research?
Behavior that is observed in a real-world setting; poor control over conditions but measures may be more representative of reality
What is a laboratory research setting?
Research setting that provides uniform conditions for everyone, may seem artificial
What is remote data collection?
Takes the laboratory into the field setting; has some experimental control but experimenter cannot control the environment. Allows researcher to reach more people and usually involves payment
What are extraneous variables?
Any variable that has the potential to affect the DV in an experiment
What is a confound variable?
A variable that affects the DV in a systematic way
NOT THE SAME AS A CONFOUND
What is a within-subjects variable?
Participants are exposed to every level of the IV; more statistical power with few subjects, there can be order effects that can be countered with counterbalancing
What is a between-subjects variable?
Participants are exposed to only one level of the IV, there is less statistical power but there are no order effects
Exact replication is…
following the previous study’s recipe exactly
Conceptual replication…
following the previous study’s basic idea
What is sampling bias?
Unable to generalize your results due to the sample
What is a self-report bias?
People lie about their behavior to seem liek better people
What is experimenter bias?
Knowing your hypothesis, you can treat certain participants differently because your judgement is clouded
What is publication bias?
When publishers don’t report null findings; null findings can be just as important as any finding
What are descriptive statistics?
They summarize some characteristic of the sample
What are the types of descriptive statistics?
Central tendency and spread/dispersion
What are inferential statistics?
Tests for significant differents or relationships among variables in the sample; correlation (Pearson’s product-moment), T-test, ANOVA (One-way and factorial)
Mean
Average of all scores in sample
Median
Midpoint or midscore in a distribution
Mode
Most frequent score in a distribution
Range
Distance between lowest and hhighest scores in a distribution
Variance
Average of squared distances of individual points from the mean
Standard deviation
A summary statistic of how much scores vary from the mean (sqrt of variance)
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)
A statement that the valued results are EQUAL TO some claimed value; either rejected or fail to reject
denoted H0
Alternate Hypothesis Testing
Statement that the parameter has a value that somehow differs from the null hypothesis
denoted H1 or Ha or HA
P value
The probability calculated assuming that the null hypothesis is TRUE
P< 0.05 is the typical criterion
Steps of NHST
State hypothesis, set the criterion for a decision, compute correct test statistic, make decision
Correlation
How variables are related to one another, observing the change in either
Correlation coefficient: Pearson’s r
Provides a statistical measure of how closely 2 things vary together and how well one predicts the other
