Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioural Neuroscience > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cortical Stimulation Mapping

A
  • open brain surgery
  • stops seizures
  • removed damaged tissues
  • developed by Wilder Penfield
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neuron (Nerve Cell)

A
  • brain cell
  • discrete info processing unit
  • produces readily measured electrical signals
    -arranged in networks of enormous complexity
    -composed of; 1. receptive extensions
    1. transmitting extensions
    1. cell body
  • they control; 1.abilities
    -2. behaviours
    -3. most complex intellectual processes
  • they do more than glial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Glial Cells ( glia / neuroglia)

A
  • brain cells
  • do not produce readily available
  • provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain
  • involved in info processing
  • helps hold nervous system together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Camillo Golgi (person)

A
  • thought neurons were were connected together (no synapse)
    -Thought they were connected tubes where info flowed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Santiago Ramon Cajal (person)

A
  • proved that neurons were contiguous (close together not connected)
  • proposed neuro doctrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A
  1. neurons and other cells of the brain are structurally, metabolically, and functionally independent
  2. info is passed from neuron to neuron through tiny gaps (synapses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Synapse

A
  • tiny gaps between neurons where info is passed from one to another
  • axon terminal forms synapses on the cell body, axon, or dendrite of a neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Receptive Extensions

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transmitting Extensions

A

axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cell Body (soma)

A
  • region of neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus
  • inside the nucleus genes are encoded in dna strands that make up the cell chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mitochondria

A

cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ribosomes

A

structures in the cell body where genetic info is translated to produce proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

an organelle, found in eukaryotic cells, that packages cellular materials into vesicles for transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Input Zone

A
  • at the dendrites, neurons receive info via synapses from other neurons
  • some neurons have dendrites that are elaborately branched providing room for many synapses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Integration Zone

A

In addition to receiving additional synaptic inputs, the neuronal cell body integrates info the neuron has received to determine whether or not to send a signal of its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Conduction Zone

A

The axon conducts the neurons own electrical signals away from the cell body. Towards its end it may split into axon collaterals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Output Zone

A

Axon terminals (or synaptic boutons) transmit the neurons signal across synapses to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

4 Main Parts of a Neuron

A
  1. input zone
  2. integration zone
  3. conduction zone
  4. output zone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dendrites

A

One of the extensions of the cell body through which synaptic inputs are received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Axon

A

A single extensions from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from the cell body to other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Axon Collaterals

A

A branch of an axon from a single neuron allowing neuron to innervate more than one postsynaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Axon Terminal

A

A single extension from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from cell body to other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 Types of Neurons

A
  1. Motor Neurons
  2. Sensory Neurons
  3. Interneurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • nerve cell in the brain or spinal cord that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle, organ, or glands
  • trigger movement
  • have long axons reaching out to synapses on muscles, causing them contract in response to commands from brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sensory Neuron

A
  • A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch
  • The long axons of sensory neurons carry messages from peripheral tissues back to the spinal cord and brain
  • Long dendrites and short axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Interneurons

A
  • A neuron that receives input and sends output to other neurons
  • majority of neurons in the brain
  • Complex dendrites and short axons (because they convey info short distances)
    -relays info
27
Q

Multipolar neurons

A
  • have many dendrites and single axon
  • most common type of neuron
  • structural makeup to create multiple synapses
28
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A
  • single dendrite on one end of cell and single axon on the other end
    -common in sensory systems such as vision
    -info from periphery to cns
29
Q

Unipolar Neurons (Monopolar)

A
  • have a single extension usually thought of as an axon, that branches in two directions after leaving the cell body
    -one end is and input zone with branches like dendrites the other end is an output zone
    -such cells transmit touch info from the body to the spinal cord
30
Q

Arborization

A
  • the more arbors the more complex the dendrite/the more synaptic contact from other neurons
  • expansion of surface area on dendrite to have more synapses with neighbouring cells
31
Q

3 Principal Components of a Synapse

A
  1. the presynaptic membrane of the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron
  2. the synaptic cleft that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
  3. The specialized postsynaptic membrane on the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron
32
Q

Presynaptic

A
  • the elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons
  • signaling neuron releases chemical from axon terminal and binds to postsynaptic neuron
33
Q

Postsynaptic

A

referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitters

34
Q

Presynaptic Membrane

A

the specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmits info by releasing neurotransmitters

35
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

the space between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

36
Q

Postsynaptic Membrane

A

The specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives info by responding to neurotransmitters from a presynaptic neuron

37
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

A small, spherical structure that contain molecules of neurotransmitter ( in presynaptic axon terminal)

38
Q

Neurotransmitter ( synaptic transmitter/ chemical transmitter/ transmitter)

A
  • the chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons (in synaptic vesicle) to postsynaptic neuron
  • communication starts in response to electrical activity in the axon
  • the synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and rupture, releasing their payload of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft
  • after diffusing across the cleft, the released neurotransmitter molecules interact with matching postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors
39
Q

Neurotransmitter Receptors

A

Specialized protein molecules that stud the postsynaptic membrane, where they capture and react to molecules of the neurotransmitter

40
Q

Dendritic Spines

A

studding on dendrites which form functional contacts with neighbouring axons of other neuron

41
Q

Neuroplasticity

A
  • configuration of synapses on dendrites and cell body is constantly changing in response to experience or environment
  • dendritic spines, which increase surface area for synapses, can be rapidly altered, facilitating the continual remodeling of neural connections
42
Q

Axon Hillock

A
  • a cone shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body
  • the integration zone of the neuron
  • info arrives here from the synapses on the dendrites and cell body is collected and integrated
  • the result of the integration process determines when the neuron will produce neural signals of its own
    -encoded info in a stream of electrical impulses that race down the axon toward the targets that the neuron is said to innervate
43
Q

Innervate

A

-Provide neural input

44
Q

Transport Vesicles

A

Hollow spheres with specialized leglike motor proteins on their outer surface
-When activated the motor proteins literally ‘walk’ the vesicles along microtubes inside the axon, between the cell body and the axon terminal

45
Q

3 Types of Synapses

A

-Axo-somatic: referring to a synapse in which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses on the cell body (soma) of the postsynaptic neuron.
Axo-Dendritic: Referring to a synapse in which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron via dendritic spine or directly on the dendrite itself
Axo-Axonic: Referring to a synapse in which the presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto another axons terminal

46
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Spheres encompassed within terminal boutons

47
Q

Neurotransmission Summarized

A

-Synaptic Vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals contain a chemical neurotransmitter
-Synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane through a process called exocytosis: Neurotransmitters are released in response to electrical activity in axon
-Receptors in the postsynaptic membrane are specialized proteins that react when a neurotransmitter molecule binds them
-Receptors are studded on postsynaptic membrane
-By activating those receptors changes occur in the electrical charge to posysynaptic neuron
-When neurotransmitter binds protein receptors there is a disruption of resting potential in postsynaptic neuron\
-Neurotransmitter does not enter postsynaptic neuron it just interacts with the receptors studding the postsynaptic membrane.

48
Q

Axon Transport

A
  • The movement of material within axon via motor protein
    -works both anterograde and retrograde
49
Q

Anterograde

A

moves materials from cell body to axon terminal

50
Q

Retrograde

A

Moves material back toward cell body

51
Q

Axons 2 functions

A
  1. rapid transmission of electrical signals outside the axon (like a wire)
  2. slower transportation of substances through the inside of the axon to and from the axon terminals, for structure and function
52
Q

Types of Glial Cells

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. microglial cells
  3. oligodendrocytes
  4. schwann cells
53
Q

Astrocytes

A

-star shaped glial cell with numerous processes that extend in all directions
-receive synapse directly from the neurons and surround and monitor nairobi neurons by forming tripartite synapse (3 part synapse) transmission between 2 other neurons
-many processes receive neuronal input and monitor activity
- regulate adjacent capillaries to regulate blood flow to provide more supplies to neurons when they are active
- implicated in epilepsy

54
Q

Microglial Cells

A
  • small cells remove debris from injured cells
  • involved in pain reception and neuronal remodeling
  • implicated in degenerative diseases such as alzheimers
55
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • form myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord (CNS)
  • gap between segments of myelin are the nodes of ranvier
  • myelinate neurons by forming myelin around axons
  • provide chemical signals (trophic signals) that enhance the structural integrity of axons
  • counterpart are schwann cells
56
Q

Schwann Cells

A

form myelin sheath for cells outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nervous system)

57
Q

Myelination

A

the process of ensheathing axons in myelin (speeds up electrical signals down the axon)

58
Q

Myelin

A
  • the fatty insulation around axon, formed by glial cells, that speeds up the conduction of action potential
  • gives axon the appearance of a string of slender beads
  • between adjacent beads, small uninsulated patches of axonal membrane called nodes of ranvier remain exposed
59
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

a gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where axon membrane remain exposed

60
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of nerve fibers (axons or dendrites) surrounded by connective tissue

61
Q

Edema

A
  • Swelling of tissues, such as brain, in response to injury
    -glial cells cause edema
62
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

demyelinating disease

63
Q

Gross Neuroanatomy

A

features of nervous system visible to naked eye

64
Q
A

Behavioural Neuroscience (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions