Chapter 2

Question 1

Define element.

Answer 1

Smallest building blocks that CAN NOT be broken down by further chemical needs. (Atom)

Question 2

Define Metal

Answer 2

A shiny substance that conducts electricity and tends to DONATE electrons. Often become CATIONS.

Question 3

Define nonmetal

Answer 3

Gasses or brittle solids that conduct metal poorly and tend to accept electrons. Often become negatively charged ANIONS

Question 4

Define Ions

Answer 4

Atom or molecule with a net electric charge.

Question 5

Define Cation

Answer 5

Positively charged ions. LOSE electrons

Question 6

Define Anion

Answer 6

Negatively charged ions. GAIN electrons.

Question 7

Define Acid.

Answer 7

Proton donor. Donates hydrogen ions.

Question 8

Define Base

Answer 8

Proton acceptor. Accept hydrogen ions.
Mixing a base with water causes hydrogen ions to DECREASE.

Question 9

Define pH scale.

Answer 9

Measures the concentration of hydrogen ions.

Question 10

Define neutral pH

Answer 10

pH of 7. Equal amount of hydrogen and base ions.

Question 11

Define Buffer

Answer 11

Molecules that prevent change in pH of the body.

Question 12

Define Ionic bond.

Answer 12

Takes place between 2 ions (positive and negative). One will gain an electron and the other will lose an electron.

**think of a magnets attracted to each other north (positive) with south (negative).

Question 13

Define Polar covalent bond.

Answer 13

Have UNEQUAL share of electrons between atoms.

Question 14

Define Nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 14

Have an EQUAL sharing of electrons between atoms.

**No partial positive or negative charges.

Question 15

Define Solute.

Answer 15

A substance that can be dissolved into a solution by a solvent.

Question 16

Define Solvent

Answer 16

The substance that a solute interacts with.

Question 17

Define Solubility

Answer 17

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent.

Question 18

Define Hydrophilic

Answer 18

Can be dissolved in liquid water and be carried around safely in the body.
*water LOVING

Question 19

Define Hydrophobic

Answer 19

When placed in water, substances are attracted to one another and do not mix with water molecules.
*water FEARING.

Question 20

Define Chemical Reaction

Answer 20

Transformation of of one chemical substance to another.

New bonds being formed by either being broken, rearranged, or transferred electrons between atoms or compounds.

Question 21

Define Enzyme.

Answer 21

Biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reactions.

Question 22

Define Carbohydrate

Answer 22

Function as a source of energy for our cells
*contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen and make up 1% of body mass.

Question 23

Define Lipids.

Answer 23

Store energy, regulate body temperature, and absorb shock.
*formed from Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. (Fats and oils).

Question 24

Define Protein.

Answer 24

Constructed from combinations of amino acid monomers (which serve as the backbone).

Question 25

Define Denatured.

Answer 25

A protein that LOSES its shape.

Question 26

Define Denaturation.

Answer 26

The process that destroys a protein.

Question 27

Define Nucleotide.

Answer 27

3 components:
Pentode Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base

5 nitrogenous bases that contribute to nucleotide structure in nucleic acids.

Question 28

Define Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 28

Chain of double stranded nucleotides that are held by hydrogen bonds and have a phosphodiester bond between the phosphate and sugar group.

Question 29

Match up DNA

Answer 29

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

Question 30

Match up RNA

Answer 30

Adenine - Uracil
Cytosine - Guanine

Question 31

Define Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 31

A single strand composed of ribose as the sugar and replaces Thymine with Uracil.

Question 32

Proton

Answer 32

Positive charge

Question 33

Neutron

Answer 33

Neutral/no charge

Question 34

Electrons

Answer 34

Negative charge

Question 35

Define compound

Answer 35

A chemical bond between 2 or more elements

Question 36

Define molecule

Answer 36

A chemical bond between 2 or more atoms.

Question 37

What particles are inside the nucleus

Answer 37

Protons and neutrons

Question 38

What particles are outside the nucleus

Answer 38

Electron shells. Which have electrons around them.

Question 39

Define Valence Shell

Answer 39

The outermost shell which helps with stability.

Question 40

Define the Octect Rule

Answer 40

If an atom does not have a full valence shell it will go to other atoms to satisfy its needs. It will either gain, donate or share electrons.