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PSY 323 Exam 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A reproductive cell. In humans it is sperm or an ovum.

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum.

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3
Q

What is the genome?

A

The full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species.

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4
Q

What is an allele?

A

A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics. Many genes never vary; others have several possible alleles.

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5
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression – enhancing, halting, shaping or altering the expression of genes.

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6
Q

What is a genotype?

A

An organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.

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7
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics of a person including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits.

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8
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

All the microbes (bacteria, viruses, and so on) with all their genes in a community; here the millions of microbes in the human body.

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9
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in phenotype. the carried gene occurs in half of the carrier’s children. If such a gene is inherited from both parents, the characteristic appears in the phenotype.

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10
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

Twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development (identical). Incomplete split results in conjoined twins.

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10
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time (fraternal).

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10
Q

What is the germinal period?

A

First two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation. Development of the placenta. Implementation. Organism grows rapidly.

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11
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

Stage of prenatal development from approximately the third week through the eighth week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs develop.

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12
Q

What s the fetal period?

A

Stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the fetus gains about 7 pounds and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own.

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13
Q

What are the three phases of development of the spinal cord?

A

primitive streak, neutral tube, spinal column (in that order).

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14
Q

Define prenatal development.

A

Anything which occurs from conception to birth. Major topics include stages of fetal development, prenatal care, and genetic influences on development.

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15
Q

Define molecular genetics.

A

Identification of particular genes to discover how these genes work within the cell.

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16
Q

Define behavioral genetics.

A

Determining the degree of genetic basis for a behavior, a trait, or an ability through studies of twins and adopted children.

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17
Q

What is a gene?

A

Heritable factor that controls a specific characteristics. Specific locations on chromosomes.

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18
Q

Which chromosome determines sex?

A

23rd pair chromosomes.

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19
Q

Define female chromose.

A

XX

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20
Q

Define male chromosome.

A

XY

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21
Q

Define dominant genes.

A

Expressed characteristics.

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22
Q

Define recessive genes.

A

Not expressed if dominant gene is present.

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23
Q

Define dominant-recessive inheritance.

A

A pair of chromosomes each contain 1 dominant and 1 recessive gene. Dominant gene is far more influential. Dominant gene can completely control phenotype. Effect of recessive gene can sometimes be noticed.

24
Q

Define additive genes.

A

Effects add up to influence phenotype. Ex: height, personality, emotions, temperament, anxiety, depression, etc.

25
Q

Define Epigenome.

A

Chemical compounds on or attached to DNA.

26
Q

How do social experiences affect epigenetics?

A

Can silence or amplify genes.

27
Q

Describe passive genotype to environment effects.

A

Results from the fact that in a biological family, parents, provide both genes and environment to their children.

28
Q

Define evocative genotype to environment effects.

A

Results when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment.

29
Q

Define active genotype to environment effects.

A

Results when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristic.

30
Q

Define niche-picking.

A

The process in which children’s genetic predisposition leads them to seek certain environments which, in turn, further alter their development. Ex: Einstein, Serena Williams, etc.

31
Q

What happens by week 3 in the embryonic period?

A

Primitive streak has formed. Neural tube, and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS.

32
Q

What happens by week 4 in the embryonic period?

A

Head takes shape. Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form. Heart begins to pulsate.

33
Q

What happens by week 5 in the embryonic period?

A

Extremities develop. Webbed fingers and toes seperate.

34
Q

What happens by week 8 in the embryonic period?

A

Looks like a weird tiny human. Liver digestive system, heart chambers begin functioning.

35
Q

What happens by week 9 in the fetal period?

A

Hands and face develop. Officially a fetus at this point.

36
Q

What happens by month 3 in the fetal period?

A

Genitals form and sex hormones cause difference in fetal brain organization.

37
Q

What happens by month 6 in the fetal period?

A

Responds to sound, lung development, pregnancy is viable after lungs develop.

38
Q

When does the greatest brain growth take place?

A

4th, 5th, and 6th month.

39
Q

What is Trisomy?

A

An extra chromosome. In the13th site: Patau. 18th site: Edwards. 21st site: Down syndrome.

40
Q

Describe down syndrome.

A

Cognitive deficits. Social development varies. lower life expectancy. Alzheimers disease by middle age due to 21st site and increase of amyloid plaque.

41
Q

What is genetic counseling?

A

Professionals who provide genetic counseling help prospective parents understand their genetic risk so that they can make informed decisions, not impulsive, irrational ones.

42
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Harmful substances during pregnancy. Environmental and bodily conditions that can be harmful. Viruses, chemicals, and drugs. Can result in birth defects or even death.

43
Q

Explain critical time in terms of teratogens.

A

Some teratogens cause damage only during critical periods.

44
Q

Which period is the most sensitive?

A

The embryonic period. With teratogens.

45
Q

What are effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

A

Includes facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and cognitive problems.

46
Q

What are some chemicals that can pass to a fetus?

A

Pesticides, some plastics, second-hand smoke, and mercury.

47
Q

What are in increased vitamin requirements during pregnancy?

A

Folic acid, iodine, and iron.

48
Q

Define low birthweight.

A

Less than 2500 grams (5.5 lbs at birth).

49
Q

Define very low birthweight.

A

Under 1500 grams (3 lbs 5 ounces at birth).

50
Q

Define extremely low birthweight.

A

Under 1000 grams (2 lbs, 3 ounces at birth).

51
Q

What are most common reasons for LBW?

A

Maternal nutrition and behavior. Hunger; poor nutrition, drug use, multiple births.

52
Q

Is stress considered a teratogen? (T/F)

A

True.

53
Q

What can chronic stress cause during pregnancy?

A

Damage immune system, reduce oxygen flow to fetus, increase chances of premature birth.

54
Q

Explain social and biological factors on fetal development.

A

Young mothers: Less access to prenatal care. Older mothers: greater risk of miscarriage, greater risk of chromosomal disorders.

55
Q

How does birth begin?

A

Fetal brain signals the release of hormones to trigger the female’s uterine muscles. Labor begins. Average duration for firstborn babies: 12 hours. Quicker labor for later-born babies: 7 hours.

56
Q

Define risks and benefits of at home births.

A

Risks: Not covered by public or private insurance, higher infant mortality.

Benefits: Less expensive, less drugs and less intervention of any kind, and less stress on mother.

57
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of Cesarean section?

A

Advantages: Surgical birth; scheduled; more expensive, fetus can be removed quickly, usually safe for mother and baby, saving lives when the fetal head is too large for the pelvis.

Disadvantages: More difficult breast-feeding and medical complications, higher incidence of asthma or obesity as babies age (absence of beneficial microbiome).

58
Q

Define the infant states.

A

Different levels of consciousness used to regulate the amount of stimulation an infant receives. Sleep states (quiet sleep & active sleep). Awake states (drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying).

59
Q

Explain newborn reflexes.

A

Aid survival and signify healthy brain development. Reflexes maintain oxygen supply, constant body temperature, manage feeding.

60
Q

What is the Apgar scale?

A

Quick assessment of a newborn’s health, from 0 to 10. < 5 is an emergency (neonatal pediatrician is summoned immediately). Most babies are an 7, 8 or 9.

PSY 323 Exam 1 (3 decks)

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