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HOSA Medical Terminology - 2023-24 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

The Human Body in Health and Disease

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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2
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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3
Q

anter/o

A

before, front

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4
Q

caud/o

A

lower part of body, tail

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5
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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6
Q

cyt/o, -cyte

A

cell

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7
Q

end-, endo-

A

in, within, inside

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8
Q

exo-

A

out of, outside, away from

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9
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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10
Q

-ologist

A

specialist

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11
Q

-ology

A

the science or study of

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12
Q

path/o, -pathy

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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13
Q

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

A

development, growth, formation

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14
Q

poster/o

A

behind, toward the back

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15
Q

-stasis, -static

A

control, maintence of a constant level

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16
Q

anatomy

A

study of structures of the body

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17
Q

physiology

A

study of functions of structures of the body

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18
Q

anatomic reference systems

A

body planes, body directions, body cavities, structural units

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19
Q

body planes

A

imaginary vertical and horizontal lines to divide body into sections for descriptions

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20
Q

vertical plane

A

up-and-down plane that a right angle to the horizon

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21
Q

sagittal plane

A

(vertical plane) divides into unequal left and right portions

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22
Q

midsagittal plane

A

(vertical plane) aka MIDLINE, divides body into equal halves

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23
Q

vertical plane

frontal plane

A
  • divides body into anterior and posterior
  • A.K.A. coronal plane
  • located at right angles to the sagittal plane
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24
Q

horizontal plane

A

flat, crosswire plane, such as the horizon

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25
Q

transverse plane

A

(horizontal plane) divides into superior and inferior. can be at waist or across any other level

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26
Q

body direction terms

A

reference system of a specific direction of the body or organ. describes what direction a term pertains to

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27
Q

ventral

A

the front of the organ or body (ventr = belly side, -al = pertaining to)

28
Q

dorsal

A

the back of the organ or body (dors = back of the body)
[opposite of ventral]

29
Q

inferior

A

lowermost, below or toward the feet (e.g., stomach is located inferior to the diaphragm)

30
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head (cephal = head, -ic = pertaining to)

31
Q

caudal

A

toward the lower part of body (caud- = tail or lower part of the body)
- caudal is opposite of cephalic

32
Q

proximal

A

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
(e.g., proximal end of humerus, bone of upper arm)

33
Q

distal

A

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
(e.g., distal end of humerus forms part of elbow)

34
Q

medial

A

direction toward, or nearer, the midline
(e.g., medial ligament of the knee = near the inner surface of the leg)

35
Q

lateral

A

direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline

(e.g., lateral ligament of the knee is near the side of the leg)
- opposite of medial
- bilateral = relating to/having two sides

36
Q

anterior

A

situated in the front or in front of an organ
(e.g., stomach is located anterior to the pancreas)

[anter= front or before, -ior = pertaining to]

  • also used as reference to ventral surface
  • opposite of posterior
37
Q

posterior

A
  • situated in the back/back part of an organ
    [poster = back or toward the back]
    (e.g., pancreas is located behind/posterior to the stomach)
  • used in reference of dorsal surface
  • posterior is opposite of anterior
38
Q

superior

A

uppermost, above or toward the head
(e.g., lungs are located superior the diaphragm)
[opposite of inferior]

39
Q

two major body cavities

A

dorsal and ventral
–> spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

40
Q

dorsal cavity

A

located along the back of the body (from the head). contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate the body functions

41
Q

define “body cavity”

A

space inside body that holds and protects internal organs

42
Q

cranial cavity

A

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

43
Q

spinal cavity

A

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

44
Q

ventral cavity

A

located along front of the body, contains organs that sustain homeostasis

45
Q

homeostasis

A

processes in which body maintains constant internal environment
(-home/o = constant, -stasis = control)

46
Q

thoracic cavity

A

A.K.A. chest cavity or thorax
protects and surrounds the heart and the lungs

47
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

48
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains major organs of digestion. commonly referred to as the abdomen

49
Q

pelvic cavity

A

space formed by hip bones and contains organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

50
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

two cavities (abdominal and pelvic) as a single unit

51
Q

inguinal

A

relating to the groin and refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
–> includes groin, (crease at junction of trunk and upper end of thigh)

52
Q

what do the regions of the thorax and abdomen do?

A

they comprise a descriptive system to divide abdomen and lower portion of thorax into nine parts

53
Q

right and left hypochondriac regions

A

covered by the lower ribs.
“hypochondriac” = below the ribs. term also describes an individual with abnormal concern about their health.

[hypo- = below, chrond/i = cartilage, -ac = pertaining to]

54
Q

epigastric region

A

located above the stomach
[epi- = above, gastr = stomach)

55
Q

right and left lumbar regions

A

located near the inward curve of the spine
(lumbar = describes part of the back between ribs and pelvis)
[lumb = lower back]

56
Q

umbilical region

A

surrounds the umbilicus (aka belly button/navel). it marks where the umbilical cord was attached (before birth)

57
Q

right and left iliac regions

A

located near the hip bones [ili = hip bones]

58
Q

hypogastric region

A

located below the region

59
Q

quadrants of the abdomen

A

right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant

60
Q

define peritoneum and membrane

A

peritoneum = multilayered membrane that protects and holds organs in place within the abdominal cavity

membrane = thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, divides a space or organ, or lines a cavity

61
Q

what part of the peritoneum is the outer layer that lines the inferior of the abdominal wall?

A

parietal peritoneum

62
Q

what part of the peritoneum is a fused double layer that attaches parts of the intestine to the inferior abdominal wall?

A

mesentery

63
Q

what part of the peritoneum is the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity?

A

visceral peritoneum

64
Q

what does retroperitoneal mean?

A

something that is located behind the peritoneum.

ex: location of kidneys is retroperitoneal with one on each side of the spinal column.

65
Q

what is a:

stem cell

A

HOSA Medical Terminology - 2023-24 (5 decks)

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