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Environmental science > Chapter 2 ! > Flashcards

Chapter 2 ! Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are 7 reasons for the importance of conserving biodiversity ?

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A
  • Resources,
  • new food species,
  • biomimetics,
  • medicines,
  • physiological research,
  • pest control species,
  • genetic resources
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2
Q

What are 5 resources and an example of what theyre used ?

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A
  • wood (furniture)
  • fibres (cotton or wool)
  • oils (soaps)
  • fuels (wood)
  • food (plants and animals)
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3
Q

what is a new food species ?

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

Some are genetically modified organisms

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4
Q

What is biomimetics?

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

Taking inspiration from animals features to improve our design of manufactures items

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5
Q

what is an example of biomimetics (to do with planes) ?

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A
  • Copying spayed fingertip of soaring birds helps to reduce wind turbulence and drag
  • Copying feather structure of birds to improve wind design
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6
Q

How can we use animals to improve our medicines? and an example

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

Some plants and animals produce chemicals that are toxic to animals but used in the right dose humans can use them to their advantage
E.G - poppies are used to produce painkillers, morphine and codiene

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7
Q

What is physiological research

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

some species have become better adapted to their environment, we can study this to possibly help us with medical research

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8
Q

what is an example of physcological research to do with hippos ?

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

Hippo skin secrets an acid which acts as natural sunscreen, its being studied to help treat the skin of burns victims

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9
Q

What are pest control species

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

These are predators, herbivores, parasites and pathogens that can control agricultural pests

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10
Q

what is genetic resources ?

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

These are genetically modified crops to help with durability and improve variety

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11
Q

what is crop wild relative species (CWS)

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

Wild plants of same/ closely related species to commercial crops with new characteristics which can be bred into the commercial crops

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12
Q

what are 3 examples of desirable characteristics that can be introduced ?

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A
  • disease resistant
  • drought resistent
  • improved taste / appearance
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13
Q

what is a centre of diversity ?

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

Areas of the world that have high concentration of closely related of an important crop species.

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14
Q

what are examples of places of centres of diversity ? (6)

Importance of conserving biodiversity

A

places include :
- Mediterranean centre (wheat oats pea clover)
- middle eastern centre,
- central asian centre,
- central American centre,
- south American centres,
- Ethiopian centres

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15
Q

What is an ecosystem services and some examples of these services ?

A

Species influencing the conditions on earth that are benificial to humans.
- atmospheric composition,
- hydrological cycle,
- biogeochemical cycles,
- soil maintenance,
- interspecies relationships,
- food,
- pollination,
- seed dispersal,
- habitat provision

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16
Q

Examples of direct exploitation (6)

Threats to Biodiversity

A
  • Food,
  • Fashion,
  • Pets and entertainment,
  • furniture and ornaments,
  • traditional medicines,
  • other products
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17
Q

What is the eradication of predators and competitors ?

Threats to Biodiversity

A

Animals that are killed because they threaten humans or interfere with human activities

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18
Q

Changes in abiotic factors in habitats humans

A
  • water availability,
  • dissolved oxygen,
  • temperature,
  • pH,
  • water turbidity,
  • physical damage
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19
Q

changes in biotic factors

A
  • pollinators,
  • seed dispersal species,
  • food chain impacts,
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20
Q

what are examples of introduced species

A
  • introduced species,
  • introduced predators,
  • introduced pathogens,
  • species that hybridise,
  • loss of species that control abiotic factors
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21
Q

Examples of habitat destruction

A
  • deforestation,
  • ploughing of grassland,
  • reservoir creation,
  • urban expansion,
  • mineral extraction
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22
Q

what is an endemic species ?

A

species that is not found in any other area E.G - Madagascar, lemur

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23
Q

What is a keystone species ?

A

Animals that have an important role in maintaining ecological structure of a community

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24
Q

What is a flagship species ?

A

Animals with a high public profile, usually get charities to donate E.G - pandas or tigers
[Flagship = flag = attention = animals that bring attention]

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25
Q

what is an EDGE species?

A

species that have few or no close relatives on the evolutionary tree

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26
Q

what are Threatened Habitat species?

A

Species whose survival is at stake due to habitat destruction

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27
Q

what is The IUCN (international union for conservation of nature)

A

the IUCN categorises species according to their venerability to extinction

28
Q

Examples of methods of conserving biodiversity - Legislation / protocols

A
  • legal protection of habitat and species (wildlife and countryside act of 1981),
  • legal designations,
  • trade controls (CITES - appendix I + II)
29
Q

what are some examples of protected areas ?

A
  • sites of special interest (SSSI)
  • national nature reserve (NNR)
  • special area of conservation (SAC)
  • special protection area (SPA)
30
Q

organisations which aim to achieve sustainable exploitation

A
  • International whaling commission (IWC),
  • common fisheries policy of the European union (EU CFP)
  • international tropical timber organisation (ITTO)
31
Q

What are 3 ways whaling can occur ?

A
  • ‘Aborigional subsistence’ - whaling is permitted for cultured that have hunted wales for food
  • ‘Special permit whaling’ or ‘Scientific whaling’ - killing whales for scientific research
  • Commercial whaling - different county use the IWC for international whaling quotas
32
Q

methods of conserving biodiversity - things to consider in a captive breeding programmes

A

these inhibit success :
- conditions for breeding,
- population interactions and breeding success,
- breeding habitat,
- gene pool size
- hybridisation

33
Q

what is ex-situ conservation ?

A

conservation away from where they normally live

34
Q

Key features for success in a release programme

A

key features of success :
- large and suitable habitat,
- low predation risk etc
- hard release = releasing species with - no post release support
- soft release = post release support is involved

35
Q

what are seed banks and why are they used?

A

seed banks are used to store the seeds of wild plants so that they don’t go extinct

36
Q

Methods of conserving biodiversity - factors contributing to habitat conservation

A
  • land ownership,
  • designated protected area,
  • voluntary agri-environmental schemes
37
Q

what to consider when designing a habitat

A

things to consider :
- habitat area,
- biological corridors,
- habitat shape,
- habitat diversity,
- light levels,
- water depth,
- vegetation age structure

38
Q

what abiotic habitat features increase biodiversity ?

A
  • water,
  • dissolved oxygen,
  • temperature,
  • light levels,
  • pH,
  • mineral nutrients,
  • salinity
39
Q

control of biotic habitat features

A
  • food,
  • control of predation,
  • control of competitors,
  • pollination,
  • seed dispersal,
  • control of pathogens,
  • species re-introductions (re-wilding in Scotland)
  • control of ecological succession (grazing, mowing and burning)
  • population control
40
Q

ecological features of temperate boradleaf woodland

A

Ecological features
- no major temp extremes
- water available all year round

41
Q

Importance of temperate broadleaf woodland

A

Importance
- high biodiversity
- woodland resources
- recreation
- hydrological cycle

42
Q

Threats to a temperate broadleaf woodland

A

Threats
- woodland clearance
- habitat fragmentation

43
Q

Conservation efforts of temperate broadleaf woodland

A

Conservation efforts
- woodland management

44
Q

Ecological features of a Tropical rainforest

A

ecological features
- Biodiversity
- High Precipitation
- Shallow Soils

45
Q

what is the importance of tropical rainforests ?

A

Importance
- forest resources
- climate maintenance
- soil maintenance

46
Q

What are threats to tropical rainforest ?

A

Threats
- Fuelwood collection
- Timber harvesting
- clearance for alternative land uses

47
Q

what are conservation efforts of a tropical rainforst ?

A

Conservation efforts
- Brazil, in 2014 a reserve to protect 6,680 km2 of rainforest

48
Q

ecological features of a Tropical coral reefs

A

Ecological fatures
- coral nutrition
- reef building corals
- Abiotic conditions

49
Q

What is the importance of tropical coral reefs ?

A

Importance
- Fisheries
- medicinal discoveries
- Climate control
- Erosion control
- erosion protection
- Tourism

50
Q

what are some threats to tropical coral reefs ?

A

Threats
- Physical damage
- Collection of ornaments and souvenirs
- sedimentation
- pollution
- coral bleaching
- introduced species
- Fishing
- coastal developments
- loss of associated habitats

51
Q

what are the conservation efforts to protect tropical coral reefs ?

A

Conservation efforts
- marine protected areas
- control fishing
- control of tourism
- sustainable exploitation
- Reef creation

52
Q

waht are the ecological features of Deep water coral reefs ?

A

Ecological features
- Slow Growth Rates
- Biodiversity
- Coral Structure

53
Q

what is the importance of deep water coral reefs ?

A

Importance
- Rich and Unique Ecosystems
- Indicator of Ocean Health

54
Q

what are threats to threats deep water coral reefs ?

A

Threats
- over-exploited fish
- Bottom Trawling
- Deep-Sea Mining

55
Q

What are the conservation efforts to protect deep water coral reefs ?

A

Conservation efforts
- protected areas (Darwin mounds SAC off coast of Scotland)

56
Q

what are the ecological features of an oceanic island ?

A

Ecological features
- isolation and biodiversity
- lack of mammal predators

57
Q

What is the importance of oceanic islands ?

A

Importance
- high proportion of endemic species

58
Q

What are threats to oceanic islands ?

A

Threats
- exploitation of species
- introduced species
- habitat change / destruction

59
Q

What are conservation efforts to protect oceanic islands ?

A

Conservation efforts
- Hawaii have eradication the introduced species of rats

60
Q

what are some ecological features of Mangroves ?

A

Ecological features
- tropical forests
- near intertidal areas with saline water
- extremes in conditions such as temperatures and the availability of water

61
Q

What is the importance of mangroves ?

A

Importance
- Biodiversity
- coastal erosion protection
- fisheries
- protection of coral reefs
- resources (timber)
- medicinal resources (herbs)

62
Q

what is a threat to mangroves ?

A

Threats
- urban developments

63
Q

what is a conservation method to protect mangroves ?

A

Conservation efforts
- all of the remaining in Sri Lanka have been legally protected in 2015

64
Q

What are ecological features of Antarctica ?

A

Ecological features
- large land mass
- -49 degrees
- lots of marine life in surrounding sea
- high avg altitude

65
Q

What is the importance of antarctica ?

A

Importance of Antarctica
- resources
- control of natural resources (70% of earths fresh water)
- research

66
Q

What are threats to antarctica ?

A

Threats
- global climate change
- Ozone depletion
- Tourism
- Scientific research
- overfishing

67
Q

What conservation efforts are in place to protect antarctica ?

A

Conservation methods
- Antarctica treaty 1959
- control of tourism
- waste management
- NO MILITARY ACTIVITY
- no resource exploitation

Environmental science (7 decks)

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