Chapter 2

Question 1

Theoretical Perspectives

Answer 1

different ways approaching the same empirical issues

Question 2

Marxist theoretical perspectives

Answer 2

focuses on conflict and more specifically the class conflict that occurs in capitalist societies

Question 3

Commodity fetishism

Answer 3

material dimensions of commodities can be rendered invisible to us
- real life goods reduced to a relation between money and commodities

Question 4

totem

Answer 4

a form that represents a group’s shared identity; by valuing the totem

Question 5

Culture

Answer 5

systems of meaning that are shared by a group

Question 6

Ethnocentrisim

Answer 6

judging other culture according to the assumptions of you own culture

Question 7

McDonaldization

Answer 7

the process whereby the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American [consumer] society as well as the rest of the world

Question 8

4 dimensions of McDonaldization

Answer 8

1. Efficiency
2. Calculability
3. Predictability
4. Control

Question 9

Meat paradox

Answer 9

people love animals and also love to eat animals

Question 10

how do people resolve the paradox?

Answer 10

happy meat
- organic, small scale, local, sustainable, free run

Question 11

Choices are influenced

Answer 11

people make choices based on structural constraints (material and cultural) also make choice based on preference and prioritites

Question 12

choices have consequences

Answer 12

when consumers make choices in large numbers there can be negative resource implications

Question 13

attitude-behaviour gap

Answer 13

meat concerns –> knowledge –> stories/stasis

Question 14

Tastes

Answer 14

natural/biological preference (can be shaped by social relationships and cultural norms and values)

Question 15

are tastes reciprocally related to social class

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

who are typically seen to have ‘good tastes’

Answer 16

social elites (set standards for culture legitimacy)

Question 17

What are the three forms of capital (symbolic capital)

Answer 17

1. economic
2. social
3. cultural

Question 18

economic capital

Answer 18

money and wealth

Question 19

social capital

Answer 19

value of social relationships

Question 20

cultural capital

Answer 20

culturally valued forms of knowledge and experiences that provide access to social status

Question 21

what are the three types of cultural capital

Answer 21

1. embodied
2. objectified
3. institutionalized

Question 22

embodied

Answer 22

the way we carry ourselves; way we speak and write

Question 23

objectified

Answer 23

things we own; especially what we display to others

Question 24

institutionlized

Answer 24

credentials and titles

Question 25

coffee paradox

Answer 25

gap between the boom in coffee consumption and a crisis in countries that produce coffee

Question 26

how can we resolve the coffee paradox

Answer 26

by considering that people are paying for much more than coffee + producers have no connection to consumers

Question 27

what are the solutions to the coffee paradox

Answer 27

1. align purchasing choices with moral, political, or beliefs
2. demonstrate commitment to putting common welfare above personal welfare
3. thinking critically about social and environmental issues as-well as production practices and corporate practices

Question 28

what is fairtrade coffee

Answer 28

1. pays farmers a set rate for coffee beans
2. can de-fetishize commodities by making consumers aware of production

Question 29

sex

Answer 29

at birth male, female, intersex

Question 30

gender identity

Answer 30

how you choose to identify

Question 31

gender

Answer 31

refers to the social characteristics associated with masculinity and femininity

Question 32

what are the theoretical perspectives of gender differences

Answer 32

1. Biology
2. availability
3. doing gender
4. patriarchy

Question 33

availability

Answer 33

women more likely to be caregivers

Question 34

doing gender

Answer 34

we learn how to perform our gender

Question 35

patriarchy

Answer 35

social structures imposes a hierarchy and masculinity over femininity

Question 36

social stratification

Answer 36

various systems that are used to hierarchically organize society

Question 37

gender binary

Answer 37

false idea that all people fit into one of the two sex/gender categories

Question 38

socialization

Answer 38

the learning that takes place to prepare humans to function in their social worlds

Question 39

agents of socialization

Answer 39

people and institutions that convey important lessons about fitting into social life

Question 40

gender roles

Answer 40

social norms and behaviours that are considered appropriate for women and men in a particular cultural and historical context

Question 41

sexism

Answer 41

belief system (backed by patriarchy) that favours masculinity and femininity

Question 42

what does William suggest about choosing toys?

Answer 42

that by carefully selecting the right consumer items, toy consumers can convert economic capital into display of class status

Question 43

concerted cultivation parenting style

Answer 43

middle class parents deliberately mold children through controlled interventions to enhance cognitive and social skills (fostering a sense of individualism and entitlement)

Question 44

natural growth parenting style

Answer 44

working class parents put children more squarely in charge of their own leisure and have faith children will develop naturally