Chapter 2

Question 1

Specialized cells in the nervous system that send and receive information

Answer 1

Neurons

Question 2

Neurons that send information from sensory receptors to the brain, usually by way of the spinal cord

Answer 2

Sensory Neurons

Question 3

Neurons that send commands from the brain to glands, muscles, and organs to do, cease or inhibit something

Answer 3

Motor Neurons

Question 4

Neurons that connect the sensory neurons input signals with the motor neurons output signals

Answer 4

Interneurons

Question 5

The cell body of the neuron, which contains the nucleus and other components that preserve and nourish it

Answer 5

Soma

Question 6

branchlike extensions of the soma that receive information from other neurons

Answer 6

Dendrites

Question 7

an extension of the soma that sends information in the form of electrochemical impulses to other neurons

Answer 7

Axon

Question 8

a protective coating of fatty material around an axon that hastens the transmission of the electrochemical charge

Answer 8

Myelin Sheath

Question 9

the entire area composed of the terminal button of one neuron, the synaptic cleft, and the dendrite of another neuron

Answer 9

Synapse

Question 10

nonneuron cells that supply the neurons with support, nutrients and insulation

Answer 10

Gilal Cells

Question 14

the brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels down the axon

Answer 14

Action Potential

Question 15

the stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

Answer 15

Resting Potential

Question 16

chemical messengers released by the synaptic vesicles that travel across the synaptic cleft and either excite or inhibit adjacent neurons

Answer 16

Neurotransmitters

Question 17

a neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and memory formation

Answer 17

Acetylcholine

Question 18

a neurotransmitter that promotes and facilitates movement as well as influencing and emotion

Answer 18

Dopamine

Question 19

a family of neurotransmitters that are similar to morphine and that play an important role in the experience of pleasure and control of pain

Answer 19

Endorphis

Question 20

a neurotransmitter that is important in regulating emotional states, sleep cycles, dreaming, aggression and appetite

Answer 20

Serotonin

Question 21

that portion of the nervous system containing all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Answer 21

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 22

a bundle of axons from many neurons that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 22

Nerve

Question 23

a division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits commands to the voluntary skeletal muscles and receives sensory information from the muscles and skin

Answer 23

Somatic Nervous System

Question 24

a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of nonskeletal muscles, such as the heart and lung muscles, over which people have little or no voluntary control

Answer 24

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 25

the part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body's energy resources to deal with threatening situtations

Answer 25

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 26

the part of the autonomic nervous system that acts to conserve and maintain the body's energy resources

Answer 26

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 27

that portion of the nervous system located in the bony central core of the body and consisting of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 27

Central Nervous System

Question 28

a clear, cushioning fluid secreted by the brain and circulated inside and around the brain and spinal cord

Answer 28

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Question 29

the slender, tube shaped part of the central nervous system that extends from the base of the brain down the center of the back, and is made up of a bundle of nerves

Answer 29

Spinal Cord

Question 30

automatic, involuntary responses to sensory stimuli

Answer 30

Reflexes

Question 31

a network of glands in various parts of the body that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Answer 31

Endocrine System

Question 32

chemical signals, secreted into the blood by the endocrine glands, that help regulate bodily activities

Answer 32

Hormones

Question 33

the body's master gland, located in the base of the brain, whose hormones stimulate and regulate the rest of the endocrine system

Answer 33

Pituitary Gland

Question 34

the gland located just below the larynx in the neck that controls metabolism

Answer 34

Thyroid Gland

Question 35

two glands, located near the kidney's, that secrete epinephrine and nonrepinephrine which activate the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 35

Adrenal Glands

Question 36

the two sex glands, called ovaries, in females and testes in males

Answer 36

Gonads

Question 37

a brain imaging technique that records waves of electrical activity in the brain using metal electrodes placed on a person's scalp

Answer 37

Electroencepharograph

Question 38

a brain imaging technique that combines thousands of x-ray brain photographs to construct a cross sectional picture of the brain

Answer 38

Cat Scan

Question 39

a brain imaging technique that produces three-dimesional images of the brain's sort tissyes by detecting magentic activity from nucelar particles in brain molecules

Answer 39

MRI

Question 40

a brain imaging technique that measures, over several minutes, the average amount of neural activity in different brain regions by showing each regions consumption of the sugar glucose, the brain's chemical fuel

Answer 40

Pet Scan

Question 41

a brain imaging technique that measures, over a few seconds, the average neural activity in different brain regions by showing fluctuations in blood oxygen levels

Answer 41

FMRI

Question 42

region of the brain above the spinal cord that controls our most basic functions

Answer 42

Hindbrain

Question 43

a part of the hindbrain that controls breathing, heart rate, swallowing, and digestion and allows us to maintain an upright posture

Answer 43

Medulla

Question 44

a part of the hindbrain that is concerned with sleep and arousal

Answer 44

Pons

Question 45

a part of the hindbrain that regulates and coordinates basic motor activities and may also play a role in learning

Answer 45

Cerebellum

Question 46

the region of the brain above the hindbrain that is associated with vision, hearing, sleep and alertness

Answer 46

Midbrain

Question 47

a part of the midbrain involved in the regulation and maintenance of consicousness

Answer 47

Reticular Formation

Question 48

a region of the brain that allows us to enagae in complex emotional reactions, cognitive processess, and movement patterns

Answer 48

Forebrain

Question 49

a part of the forebrain that is the brain's sensory relay station, sending messages from the senses to higher parts of the brain

Answer 49

Thalamus

Question 50

a part of the forebrain involved in regulating basic biological processess such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, emotion and a stable body temperature

Answer 50

Hypothalamus

Question 51

a part of the forebrain consisting of structures that influence fear and aggression (amygdala) and the acquistion and consolidation of new information in memory (Hippocampus)

Answer 51

Limbic System

Question 52

has to do with memory

Answer 52

Hippocampus

Question 53

has to deal with fear and difficult in emotions

Answer 53

Amygdala

Question 54

the largest structure in the forebrain, largely responsible for higher order mental processess

Answer 54

Cerebral Cortex

Question 55

a thick band of nerve fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres that transmits information between them

Answer 55

Corpus Callousm

Question 56

located at the back of each cerebral hemisphere and primarily responsible for visual processing

Answer 56

Occipital Lobes

Question 57

stimulated in front of the optical lobe in each cerebral hemisphere and involved in touch sensation and in monitoring the body's position in space

Answer 57

Parietal Lobes

Question 58

located below the parietal lobe and near the temple in each cerebral hemisphere, important in audition and language

Answer 58

Temporal Lobes

Question 59

situated in the front of each cerebral hemisphere and behind the forehead, involved in the coordination of movement and higher mental processes

Answer 59

Frontal Lobes

Question 60

the degree in which the right and left hemisphere controls various cognitive and behavior functions

Answer 60

Cerebral Lateralization

Question 61

the ability of the brain to alter its neural connections

Answer 61

Neuroplasticity

Question 62

the visible and measurable traits of an organism

Answer 62

Phenotype

Question 63

the underlying genetic makeup of an organisms

Answer 63

Genotype

Question 64

the basic biochemical unit of inheritance that is located on and transmitted by chromosomes

Answer 64

Gene

Question 65

thread like structures carrying genetic information that are found in every cell of the body

Answer 65

Chromosomes

Question 66

the complex molecules strands of a chromosomes that contain thousands of different genes, located at fixed postions

Answer 66

DNA

Question 67

one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, specifically the pair that determines whether an individual is male or female

Answer 67

Sex Chromosomes

Question 68

twins who develop from the union of the same egg and sperm, and thus share exactly the same genotype

Answer 68

Identical Twins

Question 69

twins who develop from the union of two separate sperm and eggs

Answer 69

Fraternal Twins

Question 70

the study of how the genotype and the environment of an organism influence its behavior

Answer 70

Behavior Genetics

Question 71

the subdiscipline in biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes to determine how they influence behavior

Answer 71

Molecular Genetics

Question 72

the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means

Answer 72

Cloning

Question 73

the biological state of being female or male

Answer 73

Sex

Question 74

the meanings that societies and individuals attach to being female or male

Answer 74

Gender