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Chapter 2 Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Specialized cells in the nervous system that send and receive information

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Neurons that send information from sensory receptors to the brain, usually by way of the spinal cord

A

Sensory Neurons

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3
Q

Neurons that send commands from the brain to glands, muscles, and organs to do, cease or inhibit something

A

Motor Neurons

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4
Q

Neurons that connect the sensory neurons input signals with the motor neurons output signals

A

Interneurons

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5
Q

The cell body of the neuron, which contains the nucleus and other components that preserve and nourish it

A

Soma

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6
Q

branchlike extensions of the soma that receive information from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

an extension of the soma that sends information in the form of electrochemical impulses to other neurons

A

Axon

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8
Q

a protective coating of fatty material around an axon that hastens the transmission of the electrochemical charge

A

Myelin Sheath

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9
Q

the entire area composed of the terminal button of one neuron, the synaptic cleft, and the dendrite of another neuron

A

Synapse

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10
Q

nonneuron cells that supply the neurons with support, nutrients and insulation

A

Gilal Cells

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11
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A
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11
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12
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13
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14
Q

the brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels down the axon

A

Action Potential

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15
Q

the stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

A

Resting Potential

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16
Q

chemical messengers released by the synaptic vesicles that travel across the synaptic cleft and either excite or inhibit adjacent neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

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17
Q

a neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and memory formation

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

a neurotransmitter that promotes and facilitates movement as well as influencing and emotion

A

Dopamine

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19
Q

a family of neurotransmitters that are similar to morphine and that play an important role in the experience of pleasure and control of pain

A

Endorphis

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20
Q

a neurotransmitter that is important in regulating emotional states, sleep cycles, dreaming, aggression and appetite

A

Serotonin

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21
Q

that portion of the nervous system containing all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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22
Q

a bundle of axons from many neurons that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerve

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23
Q

a division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits commands to the voluntary skeletal muscles and receives sensory information from the muscles and skin

A

Somatic Nervous System

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24
Q

a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of nonskeletal muscles, such as the heart and lung muscles, over which people have little or no voluntary control

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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25
Q

the part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body’s energy resources to deal with threatening situtations

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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26
Q

the part of the autonomic nervous system that acts to conserve and maintain the body’s energy resources

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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27
Q

that portion of the nervous system located in the bony central core of the body and consisting of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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28
Q

a clear, cushioning fluid secreted by the brain and circulated inside and around the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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29
Q

the slender, tube shaped part of the central nervous system that extends from the base of the brain down the center of the back, and is made up of a bundle of nerves

A

Spinal Cord

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30
Q

automatic, involuntary responses to sensory stimuli

A

Reflexes

31
Q

a network of glands in various parts of the body that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine System

32
Q

chemical signals, secreted into the blood by the endocrine glands, that help regulate bodily activities

A

Hormones

33
Q

the body’s master gland, located in the base of the brain, whose hormones stimulate and regulate the rest of the endocrine system

A

Pituitary Gland

34
Q

the gland located just below the larynx in the neck that controls metabolism

A

Thyroid Gland

35
Q

two glands, located near the kidney’s, that secrete epinephrine and nonrepinephrine which activate the sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenal Glands

36
Q

the two sex glands, called ovaries, in females and testes in males

A

Gonads

37
Q

a brain imaging technique that records waves of electrical activity in the brain using metal electrodes placed on a person’s scalp

A

Electroencepharograph

38
Q

a brain imaging technique that combines thousands of x-ray brain photographs to construct a cross sectional picture of the brain

A

Cat Scan

39
Q

a brain imaging technique that produces three-dimesional images of the brain’s sort tissyes by detecting magentic activity from nucelar particles in brain molecules

A

MRI

40
Q

a brain imaging technique that measures, over several minutes, the average amount of neural activity in different brain regions by showing each regions consumption of the sugar glucose, the brain’s chemical fuel

A

Pet Scan

41
Q

a brain imaging technique that measures, over a few seconds, the average neural activity in different brain regions by showing fluctuations in blood oxygen levels

A

FMRI

42
Q

region of the brain above the spinal cord that controls our most basic functions

A

Hindbrain

43
Q

a part of the hindbrain that controls breathing, heart rate, swallowing, and digestion and allows us to maintain an upright posture

A

Medulla

44
Q

a part of the hindbrain that is concerned with sleep and arousal

A

Pons

45
Q

a part of the hindbrain that regulates and coordinates basic motor activities and may also play a role in learning

A

Cerebellum

46
Q

the region of the brain above the hindbrain that is associated with vision, hearing, sleep and alertness

A

Midbrain

47
Q

a part of the midbrain involved in the regulation and maintenance of consicousness

A

Reticular Formation

48
Q

a region of the brain that allows us to enagae in complex emotional reactions, cognitive processess, and movement patterns

A

Forebrain

49
Q

a part of the forebrain that is the brain’s sensory relay station, sending messages from the senses to higher parts of the brain

A

Thalamus

50
Q

a part of the forebrain involved in regulating basic biological processess such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, emotion and a stable body temperature

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

a part of the forebrain consisting of structures that influence fear and aggression (amygdala) and the acquistion and consolidation of new information in memory (Hippocampus)

A

Limbic System

52
Q

has to do with memory

A

Hippocampus

53
Q

has to deal with fear and difficult in emotions

A

Amygdala

54
Q

the largest structure in the forebrain, largely responsible for higher order mental processess

A

Cerebral Cortex

55
Q

a thick band of nerve fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres that transmits information between them

A

Corpus Callousm

56
Q

located at the back of each cerebral hemisphere and primarily responsible for visual processing

A

Occipital Lobes

57
Q

stimulated in front of the optical lobe in each cerebral hemisphere and involved in touch sensation and in monitoring the body’s position in space

A

Parietal Lobes

58
Q

located below the parietal lobe and near the temple in each cerebral hemisphere, important in audition and language

A

Temporal Lobes

59
Q

situated in the front of each cerebral hemisphere and behind the forehead, involved in the coordination of movement and higher mental processes

A

Frontal Lobes

60
Q

the degree in which the right and left hemisphere controls various cognitive and behavior functions

A

Cerebral Lateralization

61
Q

the ability of the brain to alter its neural connections

A

Neuroplasticity

62
Q

the visible and measurable traits of an organism

A

Phenotype

63
Q

the underlying genetic makeup of an organisms

A

Genotype

64
Q

the basic biochemical unit of inheritance that is located on and transmitted by chromosomes

A

Gene

65
Q

thread like structures carrying genetic information that are found in every cell of the body

A

Chromosomes

66
Q

the complex molecules strands of a chromosomes that contain thousands of different genes, located at fixed postions

A

DNA

67
Q

one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, specifically the pair that determines whether an individual is male or female

A

Sex Chromosomes

68
Q

twins who develop from the union of the same egg and sperm, and thus share exactly the same genotype

A

Identical Twins

69
Q

twins who develop from the union of two separate sperm and eggs

A

Fraternal Twins

70
Q

the study of how the genotype and the environment of an organism influence its behavior

A

Behavior Genetics

71
Q

the subdiscipline in biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes to determine how they influence behavior

A

Molecular Genetics

72
Q

the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means

A

Cloning

73
Q

the biological state of being female or male

A

Sex

74
Q

the meanings that societies and individuals attach to being female or male

A

Gender

Chapter 2 Psychology (1 decks)

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