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biology 101 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

nutrients

A

components in food that the body needs to grow and repair itself

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2
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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3
Q

types of macronutrients in our diet

A

proteins, fats, carbohydrates

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4
Q

essential nutrients

A

nutrients the body cant produce on its own, and so they must be obtained from our diet

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5
Q

catabolic reaction

A

chemical reaction that break down complex molecules into simpler molecules

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6
Q

anabolic reaction

A

chemical reactions that combine simpler molecules to build complex molecules

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7
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that speed up the rate of a reacion by reducing activation energy

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8
Q

catalysis

A

the proccess of speeding uo the rate of a chem reaction

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9
Q

substrates

A

molecules that the enzyme binds to on which the enzyme acts

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10
Q

active site

A

the part of an enzyme that binds to a substrate

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11
Q

vitamins

A

coenzymes, that are organic and needed in very small amounts for growth, vitamin a, c, d

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12
Q

minerals

A

cofactors, that are inorganic. they are required by organisms for growth, calcium, iron, sodium

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12
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that digests starch in our intestine and saliva in our mouth

A

amylase

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13
Q

electrolites

A

ionic forms of minerals

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14
Q

what factors affect energy expenditure?

A

wieght, gender, muscle mass, genetics

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15
Q

cofacters

A

an inorganic substance required to activate an enzyme

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16
Q

coenzymes

A

an organic molecule that is required to activate an enzyme

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17
Q

non exercise activity thermogenesis

A

daily activities that aren’t exercise but burn calories

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18
Q

when is ATP spent/used

A

when energy is needed for muscle cpntaction or active transport

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19
Q

ATP

A

chemical energy stored in food

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20
Q

aerobic respiration

A

reactions that convert stored food energy into ATP

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21
Q

catabolism

A
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22
Q

enzymes mediate both bond breaking (______) and bond building (_______) reactions

A

catabolic, anabolic

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23
Q

how do we obtain essential amino acids

A

from protein in our diet

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24
Q

proteins are broken down into which subunits during digestion

A

amino acids

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25
Q

the substarte of an enzyme is

A

what the enzyme acts on

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26
Q

how is folate (folic acid) best described
a. as a substrate of an enzyme
b. as a nucleotide
c. as an organic cofactor
d. as an enzyme

A

as an organic cofacter

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27
Q

biofuels

A

renewable fuels made from living organisims (plants and algae)

28
Q

fossil fuels

A

carbon rish energy sources such as petrolium and natural gas, and coal. they are formed from compressed fossilized remains of once living organisms

29
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy stored in the bonds of biological molecules

30
Q

conservation of energy

A

the law that energy can not be created or destroyed only transfered

31
Q

potential energy

A

sttored energy

32
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion and heat energy

33
Q

photosynthesis

A

the procces in whiuch pklants, algae, and other organisimsd capture the energyu of sunlight and convert it into the chemical energy of sugar moloecules

34
Q

autotrophs

A

organisims that can make their own food from inorganic materials

35
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that obtain their energy by consuming organic molecules that were produced by other organisms

36
Q

first step of photosynthesis

A

light energy is capturedf in chemical form

37
Q

second step of photosynthesis

A

chemicdal energy captured from light powers the formation of glucose molecules by using carbon atoms to from the carbon backbone that is within glucose

38
Q

chloroplasts

A

the organelle in which photosynthesis

39
Q

inputs of photosynthesis

A

sunlight, water, carbon dioxide

40
Q

output of photosynthesis

A

glucose and oxygen

41
Q

light energy

A

a type of nelectromagnetic radiation that includes visible light

42
Q

light energy travekls to the eartyh in ______

A

waves

43
Q

waves of light energy are made up of packets of energy called_____

A

photons

44
Q

chlorophyll

A

the piugment present in the green parts of a plant that absorbs photons of light durring the beggining part of photosynthesis

45
Q

when sunlight is absorbed by plants the photons of sunlight excite _______

A

electrons

46
Q

the ecitement of electrons is thje initial stem of conversion of light energy into ________ _________

A

chemical energy

47
Q

the excited state of electrons are used to power the formation of ______

A

ATP

48
Q

ATP

A

the molecule in cells that powers energy requiriung functions

49
Q

electrons lost by chloryphil are replaced when ________ is split into ____ and ____

A

water, O2, and hydropgen

50
Q

excited electrons from chlorophyl are captured by a molecule called _______

A

NADPH

51
Q

NAPDH

A

an electron carrier that brings the electrons to the synthesis reactions

52
Q

energy from electrons is used in synthesis reactions to incorperate ____ ______ molecules into _______

A

carbon dioxide into sugar

53
Q

carbon fixation

A

the conversion of inorganic carbon into organic forms of sugars like glucose

54
Q

the fuel energy you provide your car5 is best described as

A

both chemical and potential energy

55
Q

which wavelengths contain the greatest amount of energy

A

violet

56
Q

where do carboin atoms in gl;ucose come from

A

molecules in the air

57
Q

obesity

A

having an unhealthy amount of body fat

58
Q

body mass index

A

an estimate of body fat based on height and weight

59
Q

carbohydrates are broken down into

A

sugars

60
Q

fats are broken down into

A

fatty acids, glycerol

61
Q

proteins are broken down into

A

amino acids

62
Q

aerobic respiration

A

the proccess that eukariotic organbisims use to convert food energy into ATP

63
Q

durring aerobic respiration ______ is consumed energy is captured in the bonds of ____, and ______ ________ and _____ are given off as waste products

A

oxygen is consumed, bonds of ATP, and carbon dioxide and water are given off as waste products

64
Q

first stage of aerobic respirastion

A

glycolysis

65
Q

glycolysis

A

series of chemical reactions that splits glucose iunto two smaller molecxules of pyruvate

66
Q

second stage of aerobic resp[iration

A

citric acid cycle

67
Q

citric acid cycle

A

reaction s that take place in the mitochondria that helps extract energy in the form of electrons from food

68
Q
A

biology 101 (2 decks)

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