chapter 2

Question 1

nutrients

Answer 1

components in food that the body needs to grow and repair itself

Question 2

energy

Answer 2

the ability to do work

Question 3

types of macronutrients in our diet

Answer 3

proteins, fats, carbohydrates

Question 4

essential nutrients

Answer 4

nutrients the body cant produce on its own, and so they must be obtained from our diet

Question 5

catabolic reaction

Answer 5

chemical reaction that break down complex molecules into simpler molecules

Question 6

anabolic reaction

Answer 6

chemical reactions that combine simpler molecules to build complex molecules

Question 7

enzymes

Answer 7

proteins that speed up the rate of a reacion by reducing activation energy

Question 8

catalysis

Answer 8

the proccess of speeding uo the rate of a chem reaction

Question 9

substrates

Answer 9

molecules that the enzyme binds to on which the enzyme acts

Question 10

active site

Answer 10

the part of an enzyme that binds to a substrate

Question 11

vitamins

Answer 11

coenzymes, that are organic and needed in very small amounts for growth, vitamin a, c, d

Question 12

minerals

Answer 12

cofactors, that are inorganic. they are required by organisms for growth, calcium, iron, sodium

Question 12

What is the name of the enzyme that digests starch in our intestine and saliva in our mouth

Answer 12

amylase

Question 13

electrolites

Answer 13

ionic forms of minerals

Question 14

what factors affect energy expenditure?

Answer 14

wieght, gender, muscle mass, genetics

Question 15

cofacters

Answer 15

an inorganic substance required to activate an enzyme

Question 16

coenzymes

Answer 16

an organic molecule that is required to activate an enzyme

Question 17

non exercise activity thermogenesis

Answer 17

daily activities that aren’t exercise but burn calories

Question 18

when is ATP spent/used

Answer 18

when energy is needed for muscle cpntaction or active transport

Question 19

ATP

Answer 19

chemical energy stored in food

Question 20

aerobic respiration

Answer 20

reactions that convert stored food energy into ATP

Question 21

catabolism

Question 22

enzymes mediate both bond breaking (______) and bond building (_______) reactions

Answer 22

catabolic, anabolic

Question 23

how do we obtain essential amino acids

Answer 23

from protein in our diet

Question 24

proteins are broken down into which subunits during digestion

Answer 24

amino acids

Question 25

the substarte of an enzyme is

Answer 25

what the enzyme acts on

Question 26

how is folate (folic acid) best described a. as a substrate of an enzyme b. as a nucleotide c. as an organic cofactor d. as an enzyme

Answer 26

as an organic cofacter

Question 27

biofuels

Answer 27

renewable fuels made from living organisims (plants and algae)

Question 28

fossil fuels

Answer 28

carbon rish energy sources such as petrolium and natural gas, and coal. they are formed from compressed fossilized remains of once living organisms

Question 29

chemical energy

Answer 29

potential energy stored in the bonds of biological molecules

Question 30

conservation of energy

Answer 30

the law that energy can not be created or destroyed only transfered

Question 31

potential energy

Answer 31

sttored energy

Question 32

kinetic energy

Answer 32

energy of motion and heat energy

Question 33

photosynthesis

Answer 33

the procces in whiuch pklants, algae, and other organisimsd capture the energyu of sunlight and convert it into the chemical energy of sugar moloecules

Question 34

autotrophs

Answer 34

organisims that can make their own food from inorganic materials

Question 35

heterotrophs

Answer 35

organisms that obtain their energy by consuming organic molecules that were produced by other organisms

Question 36

first step of photosynthesis

Answer 36

light energy is capturedf in chemical form

Question 37

second step of photosynthesis

Answer 37

chemicdal energy captured from light powers the formation of glucose molecules by using carbon atoms to from the carbon backbone that is within glucose

Question 38

chloroplasts

Answer 38

the organelle in which photosynthesis

Question 39

inputs of photosynthesis

Answer 39

sunlight, water, carbon dioxide

Question 40

output of photosynthesis

Answer 40

glucose and oxygen

Question 41

light energy

Answer 41

a type of nelectromagnetic radiation that includes visible light

Question 42

light energy travekls to the eartyh in ______

Answer 42

waves

Question 43

waves of light energy are made up of packets of energy called_____

Answer 43

photons

Question 44

chlorophyll

Answer 44

the piugment present in the green parts of a plant that absorbs photons of light durring the beggining part of photosynthesis

Question 45

when sunlight is absorbed by plants the photons of sunlight excite _______

Answer 45

electrons

Question 46

the ecitement of electrons is thje initial stem of conversion of light energy into ________ _________

Answer 46

chemical energy

Question 47

the excited state of electrons are used to power the formation of ______

Answer 47

ATP

Question 48

ATP

Answer 48

the molecule in cells that powers energy requiriung functions

Question 49

electrons lost by chloryphil are replaced when ________ is split into ____ and ____

Answer 49

water, O2, and hydropgen

Question 50

excited electrons from chlorophyl are captured by a molecule called _______

Answer 50

NADPH

Question 51

NAPDH

Answer 51

an electron carrier that brings the electrons to the synthesis reactions

Question 52

energy from electrons is used in synthesis reactions to incorperate ____ ______ molecules into _______

Answer 52

carbon dioxide into sugar

Question 53

carbon fixation

Answer 53

the conversion of inorganic carbon into organic forms of sugars like glucose

Question 54

the fuel energy you provide your car5 is best described as

Answer 54

both chemical and potential energy

Question 55

which wavelengths contain the greatest amount of energy

Answer 55

violet

Question 56

where do carboin atoms in gl;ucose come from

Answer 56

molecules in the air

Question 57

obesity

Answer 57

having an unhealthy amount of body fat

Question 58

body mass index

Answer 58

an estimate of body fat based on height and weight

Question 59

carbohydrates are broken down into

Answer 59

sugars

Question 60

fats are broken down into

Answer 60

fatty acids, glycerol

Question 61

proteins are broken down into

Answer 61

amino acids

Question 62

aerobic respiration

Answer 62

the proccess that eukariotic organbisims use to convert food energy into ATP

Question 63

durring aerobic respiration ______ is consumed energy is captured in the bonds of ____, and ______ ________ and _____ are given off as waste products

Answer 63

oxygen is consumed, bonds of ATP, and carbon dioxide and water are given off as waste products

Question 64

first stage of aerobic respirastion

Answer 64

glycolysis

Question 65

glycolysis

Answer 65

series of chemical reactions that splits glucose iunto two smaller molecxules of pyruvate

Question 66

second stage of aerobic resp[iration

Answer 66

citric acid cycle

Question 67

citric acid cycle

Answer 67

reaction s that take place in the mitochondria that helps extract energy in the form of electrons from food