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Life and Works of Jose Rizal > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

• It is commonly depicted as the birth of modern life, as well as the birth of many nation-states around the globe.

• The century was also a period of massive changes in Europe, Spain, and consequently in the Philippines.

• It was during this era that the power and glory of Spain, the Philippines’ colonizer, had waned both in its colonies and in the world.

A

19th century

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2
Q

Rizal’s context are divided into three aspects:

A

economic, social, and political.

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3
Q

The economic contex is composed of four historical elements
a.
b.
c.
d.

A

End of Galleon Trade
Opening of Suez Canal
Rise of the Export of Crop Economy
Monopolies

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4
Q

In year _______, the Spanish government closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico, thereby giving birth to the ______________ popularly known as the “Galleon Trade.”

A

• 1565
• Manila-Acapulco Trade

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5
Q

The Galleon Trade started when __________, in convoy under ___________ discovered a return route from Cebu to Mexico in 1565.

A

• Andres de Urdaneta
• Miguel Lopez de Legaspi

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6
Q

It served as the central income- generating business for Spanish colonists in the Philippines.

A

Galleon Trade

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7
Q

Stocks sent from Philippines to Mexico:

A

mango de Manila
Tamarind
Rice
Carabao
Cockfighting
Chinese tea and textiles
Fireworks display
Tuba

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8
Q

Stocks sent from Mexico to Philippines:

A

Guava
Avocado
Papaya
Pineapple
Horses
Cattle

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9
Q

On ____________, the Galleon Trade ended with Mexico’s war of independence

A

September 14, 1815

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10
Q

________ is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the ________.

A

Suez canal
Isthmus of Suez

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11
Q

The Suez Canal was constructed between year _______ and ________ under the leadership of French diplomat __________.

A

1859 and 1869
Ferdinand de Lesseps

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12
Q

Suez canal was officially opened on ___________

A

November 17, 1869

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13
Q

Before the opening of the canal, a steamer from Barcelona had to sail around the _____________ to reach Manila after a menacing journey of more than three months. With the Suez Canal, the voyage was lessened to only _____ to ______ days.

A

• Cape of Good Hope
• 32 to 40 days

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14
Q

The availability of the Suez Canal has also encouraged the _______, especially Jose Rizal, to pursue education abroad and learn scientific and liberal in European academic institutions.

A

ilustrados

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15
Q

During the Galleon Trade, most of the Spaniards in the Philippines were engrossed in __________ undertakings between Manila and Mexico. The exploitation of the Philippines’ natural resources and the progress of an export crop economy were phenomena of the nineteenth century, not of the Spanish rule’s early period.

A

maritime trading

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16
Q

Some years after the end of the Galleon Trade, between _____ and ______, the Philippines was well on its way of developing an export crop economy. Products. such as sugar. Manila hemp, and coffee were produced for foreign markets while imported goods of the European factory industry found their way into many parts of the Philippines.

A

1820 and 1870

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17
Q

The various economic activities in the new export-crop economy in the country provided many opportunities for the expanding _______ population

A

Chinese

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18
Q

The development of the export crop industry in the Philippines was motivated by the commercial undertakings of ________ and _______ merchants. who provided capital organization, and access to foreign markets and sources of imports.

A

North European and North American

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19
Q

After ______, government monopoly contracts for the collection of different revenues were opened to foreigners for the first time.

A

1850

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20
Q

They instantly took advantage of commercial opportunity and thus, for the rest of the 19th century, enjoyed a pre-eminent position in monopoly contracting in the Philippines.

A

Chinese

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21
Q

During the ______, the Spanish government had legalized the use of opium and a government monopoly of opium importation and sales was created. The majority of contracts in the monopoly were held by the _______.

A

1840’s
Chinese

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22
Q
  1. What are the other four monopolies of special crops and items?
  2. Among these monopoly systems, what is the most controversial and oppressive to locals?
A

1.)
Spirituous liquor
Betel nut
Tobacco
Explosives

2.) Tobacco monopoly

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23
Q

On _________(date), __________(name) placed the Philippine tobacco Industry under government control, thereby establishing the tobacco monopoly. It aimed to increase government revenue since the annual subsidy coming from Mexico was no longer sufficient to maintain the colony.

A

March 1, 1782
Governor General Jose Basco

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24
Q

An order was issued for the widespread cultivation of tobacco in the provinces of… (8 provinces)

A

Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque

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25
Q

The tobacco monopoly was finally abolished in ______.

A

1882

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26
Q

3 topics of social context/background

A

• Education in the 19th Century
• The Rise of Chinese Mestizo
• The Rise of the Inquilinos

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27
Q

With the coming of Spanish colonizers, the ________ system of education was somewhat introduced to the archipelago. Schools were established and run by _________

A

European
Catholic missionaries

28
Q

King Philip II’s ________ (Laws of the Indies) mandated Spanish authorities in the Philippines to educate the locals, to teach them how to read and write and to learn Spanish.

A

Leyes de Indias

29
Q

University education was opened in the country during the early part of the ________. Initially, the colleges and universities were open only to the Spaniards and those with Spanish blood (mestizos).

A

17th century

30
Q

In ______, universities started accepting native Filipinos in colleges and universities.

A

19th century

31
Q

In ______, a royal decree called for the establishment of a public school system in the Philippines.

A

1863

32
Q

As a result of growing number of educated natives in 19th century, a new social class in the country emerged, which came to be known as the ________

A

Ilustrados

33
Q

With the opening of the Suez Canal, which made the travel to Europe faster easier, and more affordable, many locals took advantage of the chance to pursue higher and better education in that continent. typically in _______ and ______

A

Madrid and Barcelona

34
Q

The talented group of students from the Philippines arose what came to be known as the __________.

A

Propaganda Movement

35
Q

• Elimination of the ship exchange
• Development of commercial agriculture
• Haciendas of sugar, coffee and hemp

What part of social context?

A

The Rise of Chinese Mestizo

36
Q

The term inquilino has the same meaning as the English “____”

A

tenant

37
Q

They collect the rent of the inquilinos, organize the delivery of the harvests to the local market or to Manila, and remit the income from sales and rents to the estate owners.

A

Administrator

38
Q

They paid a fixed rent and the amount was determined by the size and quality of the land being worked on.

A

Inquilinos

39
Q

The hacienda structure consisted of three strata:

A

Estate owner
Leaseholder or inquilino
Tenant-sharecropper (kasamas)

40
Q

3 topics of Political context/landscape

A
  1. Liberalism
  2. The Impact of the Bourbon Reform
  3. The Cadiz Constitution
41
Q

It is a worldview founded on ideas of freedom and equality.

A

Liberalism

42
Q

It includes a wide range of political philosophies that consider individual liberty to be the most significant political goal, and underscore individual rights and equality of opportunity.

A

Liberalism

43
Q

Liberals normally believe that _________ is necessary to protect individuals from being abused by others though they are also aware that ________ itself can pose a threat to liberty.

A

government

44
Q

The _______ revolution (1789-1799) started a political revolution in Europe and consequently in some other parts of the globe.

A

French

45
Q

Effect of French Revolution in the political history of France

A

French governmental structure > Absolute monarchy > more liberal government structure

46
Q

The liberals In Spain considered the ________ as an enemy of reforms. They thus pursued curbing its influence in political life and education In the 19th century, this movement against the Catholic Church, called _________, had gained some strength.

A

Catholic Church
anti-clericalism

47
Q

Philippines’ actual experience of liberalism came from the role modeling of the “first governor-general in the Philippines” _________________ (name).

A

Governor-General Carlos Maria De la Torre

48
Q

After the liberals in Spain had deposed ____________ (name) in the 1868 a provisional government was formed, and the new government extended to Spain’s colonies the reforms they implemented in the motherland.

A

Queen Isabela II

49
Q

He was appointed by the provisional government as Governor- General of the Philippines. He held the position from _______ to ______ and is widely considered to be the most beloved of the Spanish Governors- General ever assigned in the country.

A

• Governor General Carlos Maria De la Torre
• 1869 to 1871

50
Q

His liberal and democratic governance had provided Jose Rizal and the others a preview of a democratic rule and way of life

A

Governor General Carlos Maria De la Torre

51
Q

He (name) recognized the freedom of speech and of the press, which were guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution. Because of his tolerant policy, Father _______ and other Filipino priests were encouraged to pursue their dream of replacing the friars with the Filipino clergy as parish priests in the country.

A

• Governor General Carlos Maria De la Torre
• Jose Burgos

52
Q

When the Spanish Bourbon _________ (b. 1700-1746) assented to the throne, he and his successors, ________(r. 1746-1759) ________ (r. 1759-1788), and _________ (r 1788-1807), advocated a century-long effort to reform and modify the Spanish empire.

A

King Philip V
Ferdinand VI
Charles III
Charles IV

53
Q

The Bourbon reform policies were advantageous to the Philippines which was under Spain from _____ to ______

A

1565 to 1898

54
Q

It gave people, especially the natives in the Philippines, the idea that colonization could be done without much intervention from the Catholic Church

A

Bourbon Reform

55
Q

These policy changes, known jointly as the _________, endeavored the church’s power, reform state finances to fill dwindling royal coffers, and found to curtail contraband commerce, reclaim control over transatlantic trade, restrict tighter administrative and political control within the empire.

A

Bourbon Reforms

56
Q

During the _________ occupation of Spain, a liberal constitution was promulgated in Cadiz in _________

A

Napoleonic
March 1812

57
Q

This Constitution was put in practice in almost all the areas of the Hispanic Monarchy still under control of the Spanish crown.

A

Cadiz Constitution

58
Q

The Cadiz Constitution was first constitution in Europe to deal with ________, recognizing sovereignty as coming from the people and not from the king.

Unlike the French constitution, which applied to all citizens of France, this Spanish Constitution of 1812 had a universal character as it included everyone from overseas, like the Italian kingdoms and even the Philippines.

A

National sovereignty

59
Q

The first delegates from the Philippines were ____________ and __________ who took their oath of office in Madrid.

A

Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto

60
Q

The _________, which was formally implemented in Manila soon after, established the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty. constitutional monarchy, and freedom of the press, and advocated land reform and free enterprise.

A

Cadiz Constitution

61
Q

Governor General ____________ called for an election of Manila officials which resulted in the selection of Don _________

A

Manuel Gonzales Aguilar
Ventura de los Reyes

62
Q

He is a wealthy merchant and member of the Royal Corps of Artillery of Manila, as the deputy The Vigan-born Don Ventura de los Reyes was a son of poor llocano parents.

He took part in the Ilocos revolt led by ________ in 1762, but later on engaged in the vegetable and indigo business.

A

Don Ventura de los Reyes
Diego Silang

63
Q

The constitutional monarchy that the Cadiz Constitution attempted to put in place did not come to fruition because in _______ (date), ________(name) declared it invalid and restored absolutism.

A

May of 1814
King Fernando VII

64
Q

In various social sciences, it is a widely accepted principle that “___________________________”

A

“We see the life of an individual in his/her society, and society in the life of an individual.”

65
Q

One unique feature of Rizal, nonetheless, is that he did not only know the valuable information about his society but also had a quality of mind that helped him use the information in a way that he could think about what was going on in the world and of what might be happening within himself. Sociologists call this quality of mind the “______________”

A

sociological imagination

66
Q

Having this ___________, people can view their inner life and career in terms of larger historical forces.

A

sociological imagination

Life and Works of Jose Rizal (3 decks)

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