Chapter 2 Flashcards
• It is commonly depicted as the birth of modern life, as well as the birth of many nation-states around the globe.
• The century was also a period of massive changes in Europe, Spain, and consequently in the Philippines.
• It was during this era that the power and glory of Spain, the Philippines’ colonizer, had waned both in its colonies and in the world.
19th century
Rizal’s context are divided into three aspects:
economic, social, and political.
The economic contex is composed of four historical elements
a.
b.
c.
d.
End of Galleon Trade
Opening of Suez Canal
Rise of the Export of Crop Economy
Monopolies
In year _______, the Spanish government closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico, thereby giving birth to the ______________ popularly known as the “Galleon Trade.”
• 1565
• Manila-Acapulco Trade
The Galleon Trade started when __________, in convoy under ___________ discovered a return route from Cebu to Mexico in 1565.
• Andres de Urdaneta
• Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
It served as the central income- generating business for Spanish colonists in the Philippines.
Galleon Trade
Stocks sent from Philippines to Mexico:
mango de Manila
Tamarind
Rice
Carabao
Cockfighting
Chinese tea and textiles
Fireworks display
Tuba
Stocks sent from Mexico to Philippines:
Guava
Avocado
Papaya
Pineapple
Horses
Cattle
On ____________, the Galleon Trade ended with Mexico’s war of independence
September 14, 1815
________ is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the ________.
Suez canal
Isthmus of Suez
The Suez Canal was constructed between year _______ and ________ under the leadership of French diplomat __________.
1859 and 1869
Ferdinand de Lesseps
Suez canal was officially opened on ___________
November 17, 1869
Before the opening of the canal, a steamer from Barcelona had to sail around the _____________ to reach Manila after a menacing journey of more than three months. With the Suez Canal, the voyage was lessened to only _____ to ______ days.
• Cape of Good Hope
• 32 to 40 days
The availability of the Suez Canal has also encouraged the _______, especially Jose Rizal, to pursue education abroad and learn scientific and liberal in European academic institutions.
ilustrados
During the Galleon Trade, most of the Spaniards in the Philippines were engrossed in __________ undertakings between Manila and Mexico. The exploitation of the Philippines’ natural resources and the progress of an export crop economy were phenomena of the nineteenth century, not of the Spanish rule’s early period.
maritime trading
Some years after the end of the Galleon Trade, between _____ and ______, the Philippines was well on its way of developing an export crop economy. Products. such as sugar. Manila hemp, and coffee were produced for foreign markets while imported goods of the European factory industry found their way into many parts of the Philippines.
1820 and 1870
The various economic activities in the new export-crop economy in the country provided many opportunities for the expanding _______ population
Chinese
The development of the export crop industry in the Philippines was motivated by the commercial undertakings of ________ and _______ merchants. who provided capital organization, and access to foreign markets and sources of imports.
North European and North American
After ______, government monopoly contracts for the collection of different revenues were opened to foreigners for the first time.
1850
They instantly took advantage of commercial opportunity and thus, for the rest of the 19th century, enjoyed a pre-eminent position in monopoly contracting in the Philippines.
Chinese
During the ______, the Spanish government had legalized the use of opium and a government monopoly of opium importation and sales was created. The majority of contracts in the monopoly were held by the _______.
1840’s
Chinese
- What are the other four monopolies of special crops and items?
- Among these monopoly systems, what is the most controversial and oppressive to locals?
1.)
Spirituous liquor
Betel nut
Tobacco
Explosives
2.) Tobacco monopoly
On _________(date), __________(name) placed the Philippine tobacco Industry under government control, thereby establishing the tobacco monopoly. It aimed to increase government revenue since the annual subsidy coming from Mexico was no longer sufficient to maintain the colony.
March 1, 1782
Governor General Jose Basco
An order was issued for the widespread cultivation of tobacco in the provinces of… (8 provinces)
Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque
The tobacco monopoly was finally abolished in ______.
1882
3 topics of social context/background
• Education in the 19th Century
• The Rise of Chinese Mestizo
• The Rise of the Inquilinos
With the coming of Spanish colonizers, the ________ system of education was somewhat introduced to the archipelago. Schools were established and run by _________
European
Catholic missionaries
King Philip II’s ________ (Laws of the Indies) mandated Spanish authorities in the Philippines to educate the locals, to teach them how to read and write and to learn Spanish.
Leyes de Indias
University education was opened in the country during the early part of the ________. Initially, the colleges and universities were open only to the Spaniards and those with Spanish blood (mestizos).
17th century
In ______, universities started accepting native Filipinos in colleges and universities.
19th century
In ______, a royal decree called for the establishment of a public school system in the Philippines.
1863
As a result of growing number of educated natives in 19th century, a new social class in the country emerged, which came to be known as the ________
Ilustrados
With the opening of the Suez Canal, which made the travel to Europe faster easier, and more affordable, many locals took advantage of the chance to pursue higher and better education in that continent. typically in _______ and ______
Madrid and Barcelona
The talented group of students from the Philippines arose what came to be known as the __________.
Propaganda Movement
• Elimination of the ship exchange
• Development of commercial agriculture
• Haciendas of sugar, coffee and hemp
What part of social context?
The Rise of Chinese Mestizo
The term inquilino has the same meaning as the English “____”
tenant
They collect the rent of the inquilinos, organize the delivery of the harvests to the local market or to Manila, and remit the income from sales and rents to the estate owners.
Administrator
They paid a fixed rent and the amount was determined by the size and quality of the land being worked on.
Inquilinos
The hacienda structure consisted of three strata:
Estate owner
Leaseholder or inquilino
Tenant-sharecropper (kasamas)
3 topics of Political context/landscape
- Liberalism
- The Impact of the Bourbon Reform
- The Cadiz Constitution
It is a worldview founded on ideas of freedom and equality.
Liberalism
It includes a wide range of political philosophies that consider individual liberty to be the most significant political goal, and underscore individual rights and equality of opportunity.
Liberalism
Liberals normally believe that _________ is necessary to protect individuals from being abused by others though they are also aware that ________ itself can pose a threat to liberty.
government
The _______ revolution (1789-1799) started a political revolution in Europe and consequently in some other parts of the globe.
French
Effect of French Revolution in the political history of France
French governmental structure > Absolute monarchy > more liberal government structure
The liberals In Spain considered the ________ as an enemy of reforms. They thus pursued curbing its influence in political life and education In the 19th century, this movement against the Catholic Church, called _________, had gained some strength.
Catholic Church
anti-clericalism
Philippines’ actual experience of liberalism came from the role modeling of the “first governor-general in the Philippines” _________________ (name).
Governor-General Carlos Maria De la Torre
After the liberals in Spain had deposed ____________ (name) in the 1868 a provisional government was formed, and the new government extended to Spain’s colonies the reforms they implemented in the motherland.
Queen Isabela II
He was appointed by the provisional government as Governor- General of the Philippines. He held the position from _______ to ______ and is widely considered to be the most beloved of the Spanish Governors- General ever assigned in the country.
• Governor General Carlos Maria De la Torre
• 1869 to 1871
His liberal and democratic governance had provided Jose Rizal and the others a preview of a democratic rule and way of life
Governor General Carlos Maria De la Torre
He (name) recognized the freedom of speech and of the press, which were guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution. Because of his tolerant policy, Father _______ and other Filipino priests were encouraged to pursue their dream of replacing the friars with the Filipino clergy as parish priests in the country.
• Governor General Carlos Maria De la Torre
• Jose Burgos
When the Spanish Bourbon _________ (b. 1700-1746) assented to the throne, he and his successors, ________(r. 1746-1759) ________ (r. 1759-1788), and _________ (r 1788-1807), advocated a century-long effort to reform and modify the Spanish empire.
King Philip V
Ferdinand VI
Charles III
Charles IV
The Bourbon reform policies were advantageous to the Philippines which was under Spain from _____ to ______
1565 to 1898
It gave people, especially the natives in the Philippines, the idea that colonization could be done without much intervention from the Catholic Church
Bourbon Reform
These policy changes, known jointly as the _________, endeavored the church’s power, reform state finances to fill dwindling royal coffers, and found to curtail contraband commerce, reclaim control over transatlantic trade, restrict tighter administrative and political control within the empire.
Bourbon Reforms
During the _________ occupation of Spain, a liberal constitution was promulgated in Cadiz in _________
Napoleonic
March 1812
This Constitution was put in practice in almost all the areas of the Hispanic Monarchy still under control of the Spanish crown.
Cadiz Constitution
The Cadiz Constitution was first constitution in Europe to deal with ________, recognizing sovereignty as coming from the people and not from the king.
Unlike the French constitution, which applied to all citizens of France, this Spanish Constitution of 1812 had a universal character as it included everyone from overseas, like the Italian kingdoms and even the Philippines.
National sovereignty
The first delegates from the Philippines were ____________ and __________ who took their oath of office in Madrid.
Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto
The _________, which was formally implemented in Manila soon after, established the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty. constitutional monarchy, and freedom of the press, and advocated land reform and free enterprise.
Cadiz Constitution
Governor General ____________ called for an election of Manila officials which resulted in the selection of Don _________
Manuel Gonzales Aguilar
Ventura de los Reyes
He is a wealthy merchant and member of the Royal Corps of Artillery of Manila, as the deputy The Vigan-born Don Ventura de los Reyes was a son of poor llocano parents.
He took part in the Ilocos revolt led by ________ in 1762, but later on engaged in the vegetable and indigo business.
Don Ventura de los Reyes
Diego Silang
The constitutional monarchy that the Cadiz Constitution attempted to put in place did not come to fruition because in _______ (date), ________(name) declared it invalid and restored absolutism.
May of 1814
King Fernando VII
In various social sciences, it is a widely accepted principle that “___________________________”
“We see the life of an individual in his/her society, and society in the life of an individual.”
One unique feature of Rizal, nonetheless, is that he did not only know the valuable information about his society but also had a quality of mind that helped him use the information in a way that he could think about what was going on in the world and of what might be happening within himself. Sociologists call this quality of mind the “______________”
sociological imagination
Having this ___________, people can view their inner life and career in terms of larger historical forces.
sociological imagination
