Chapter 2 Flashcards
Type/Category A of HIV symptoms
simple fever, headaches, rashes
serves as the guardhouse of the cell
plasma membrane
for the exchange of materials in and out of the cell, is a selective permeable
plasma membrane
Contains genetic material and controls most of the cell’s activities
Nucleus
Helper T Lymphocytes
white blood cells
Do not dissolve in water. Can be energy storage molecules in plants and animals
lipids
Makes and detoxifies substances that can dissolve in lipids and makes several types of lipids
Smooth ER
it acts as a soldier of the body
white blood cells
give 3 examples of proteins
- amino acids
- enzymes
- hemoglobin
organelle in plants that surround plant cells
cell walls
weak, easily deformed bonds
hydrogen bonds
Any substance that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in water
bases
what life characteristics viruses missed?
(1) responsiveness
(2) reproduction
(3) metabolism
a threat to the cell
HIV
AIDS
Powerhouse of the cell and provides fuels for all the cell’s function
mitochondria
Any substance that gives off hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
acids
example of a polar covalent bond?
water or H2O
3 ph level is neutral, acidic, alkaline?
acidic
give 2 examples of buffers
antacids, triple distilled water
2 atoms share a pair of electrons
covalent bonds
give 3 examples of nucleic acid?
- DNA
- RNA
- rRNA
give the 6 modern cell theory
- all living things are made up of one or more cells
- cells are the basic living unit within organisms, and the chemical reactions of life take place within cells
- all cells arise from pre-existing cells
- energy production occurs within cells
- heredity information (DNA) passed on from cell to cell
- all cells have the same basic physical composition
give 3 examples of lipids
- fats
- wax
- steroids
A chemical combination of two or more atoms held together by specific chemical bonds
molecules
first shell of an energy shells can hold?
1 or 2 electrons
when a protein helps a substance cross to plasma membrane without the expenditure of energy
facilitated diffusion
4 ph level is neutral, acidic, alkaline?
acidic
DNA is loose in the cell. Generally have no internal membranous organelles
prokaryotic cells
give elements present in lipids
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
greedier bond, get electron from atom
ionic bonds
Water creates ____________ so insects can slide on a “skin” of water
surface tension
____________________ bonds are easily dissolved
polar and ionic bonds
organelle in plants that function in food production and storage
plastids
chemical composition of water
H2O
second shell of an energy shells can hold?
8 electrons
11 ph level is neutral, acidic, alkaline?
alkaline
organelle in plants that are fluid-filled sacs that maintain cell shape
vacuoles
what are the life characteristics of a virus once they infect a host cell?
(1) can evolve
(2) motility
(3) internal order
tail-like apparatus. helps to push and pull cell through cytoplasm
flagellum
transfer of molecules from low concentration to high concentration using energy
active transport
give 3 elements present in nucleic acids
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorous
how much water inside our body?
approximately 60%
_________ make up 98% of earth’s crust
7 elements: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
allow cell-to-cell communication
communication junctions
third shell of an energy shells can hold?
8 electrons
what is the neutral pH level?
7
how to date a living organism containing carbon?
Half-life: 14C
Physical properties of an atom determined by:
- number of protons in a nucleus
- protons affect the atom’s mass and attraction for electron
outside exertion of molecules. vesicles merge with the plasma membrane to expel substances
exocytosis
T or F: There are 116 elements. 87 occur in nature and 29 are made in the lab
False, 118 elements, 89 nature
Ribosomes attached to a flattened membrane in the cytoplasm
RER/ rough endoplasmic reticulum
the HIV lives inside the body for 8-10 years but there is still no cure, but there is a treatment. what is this?
HAART: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
stability of the connection
adhering junctions
9 ph level is neutral, acidic, alkaline?
alkaline
the cell membrane invaginates and takes in a substance. cells take in molecules
endocytosis
what is the structure of atoms composed of?
(1) positive protons
(2) negative electron
(3) neutrons with no charge
A three-dimensional structure of protein fibers forming a lattice in the cytoplasm, suspending the organelles and allowing the cell parts to move
cytoskeleton
Help to organize the cytoskeleton and they also guide the separation and movement of chromosomes
centrioles
Form structural parts of cells. Control cell processes. Act as messengers
proteins
measures the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a substances
pH scale/pH meter
they shared electrons spend more time with the oxygen than the hydrogen
polar covalent bond
salt is a polar compound called?
polar compounds
is cause by a VIRUS
HIV
it is a pure substance containing Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
element
each element is compose of?
atoms
Crucial to cell structure and energy storage and includes the sugars and starches
carbohydrates
what the 4 main types of biological molecules?
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids
refers to the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay.
half-life
Semifluid in which organelles are suspended
cytoplasm
Can modify the newly made protein and Directs the finished protein to different parts of the cell to perform various activities
golgi apparatus
a cell engulfs debris
phagocytosis
give 3 elements present in proteins
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Sulfur
if HIV is the virus: AIDS is?
the disease
hair-like projections that help the cell to swim. breathing passages push mucus and dust up to your mouth and nose
cilia
T or F: virus are living cause it can move
false, it is a nonliving entity
it is the junction between animal cells
desmosomes
Ways that animal cells attach to each other
intercellular junctions
any atom that losses an electron will become _____ ______
positively charge
when small molecules go across the plasma membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration
simple diffusion
it is the junction between plant cells
plasmodesmata
what type of cell evolved first?
prokaryotic cells
will give us a relevant way to explore basic chemical concepts, biological molecules, and the anatomy and function of animal cells
AIDS threat to the cell
what is an example of a nonpolar molecules or water fearing?
oils, wax, fats
observed the cells inside of a cork with a very primitive microscope
Robert Hooke
Type/Category B of HIV symptoms
rapid weight loss, loss of appetite, diarrhea, recurrent fever
what is the most abundant element on Earth?
oxygen
capable of dissolving other molecules
solvents
attach together adjacent membrane
tight junctions
it is the smallest part of an element?
atom
give 3 examples of carbohydrates
- monosaccharides
- polysaccarides
- disaccarides
Polar molecules can form?
hydrogen bonds
dissolved substances
solute
Agents that soak up or dole out hydrogen ions to control the pH level
buffer
T or F: viruses are nonliving but once they infect a host cell, they appear to be a living entity.
true
make up 98% of a human or a fern
(1) oxygen
(2) hydrogen
(3) carbon
Type/Category C of HIV symptoms
white blood cells are completely weakened
A bag of digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
cells contain (3)
(1) carbon containing compound
(2) water
(3) ions
give elements present in carbohydrates
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
DNA is enclosed in a nucleus and associated with proteins. Contains membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells
Proteins are synthesized here
ribosomes
the center of an atom
nucleus
