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chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of bacteria did the Griffith experiment use?

A

-S strain: smooth infectious, has a polysaccharide coating around the cell
-IIS: type 2 coat
-IIIS: type 3 coat
-R strain: rough, harmless, has a mutation that prevents coat.

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2
Q

describe the initial experiment (Griffith)

A

mice injected with
-S (heat): lived
-IIS living: died
-IIR: lived
conclusion: bacteria had to be alive and have coat to kill mice,

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3
Q

describe the key experiment (griffith) and results

A

mice injected with:
- IIIS (heat): dead
-IIR living: dead
results: IIIS bacteria was found in the blood of mice.
*IIR transformed into smooth IIS by interaction with dead IIS bacteria.

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4
Q

what is the transform principle?

A

Griffith concluded that an unknown agent transferred genetic material from the dead IIIS to the material in the living IIR.

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5
Q

describe the controls and variables in the Griffith experiment

A

-positive control: mice living or dead
-negative control: needle did not kill mice
-independent variables: heat killing bacteria; (manipulated)
-dependent variables: live/dead mice; tested, (measured)
-confounding variable: age of mice, sex, needle (cannot be controlled).

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6
Q

what were the potential transforming principles?

A

-protein
-DNA
-RNA
-Lipid
-CHO

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7
Q

studied the transformation of R type bacteria to S type; found transforming variable

A

Avery Experiment

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8
Q

Describe the Avery experiment procedure

A

broke open S bacteria and injected nuclease and IIR:
-RNASE + IIR= smooth
-Proteinase + IIR= smooth
-Lipase + IIR= smooth
-Carbase + IIR= smooth
-DNASE + IIR= no transformation
results: DNA was the transforming principle, providing IIR with the genetic material.

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9
Q

describe the hersey chase experiment

A

used bacteriophage to determine whether DNA or protein entered the cell.
-infect e. coli with phages of isotope P or S (DNA contains phosphate and protein contains sulfur). = progeny phages
- e.coli were infected with progeny phages
results: most radioactivity of P was found inside. S was found in phage ghosts (outer layer)
*conclusion: DNA enters the cell and contains genetic info for the next generations.

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10
Q

what are the monomers that make up DNA and RNA?

A

nucleotides: pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

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11
Q

nucleoside

A

sugar and base

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12
Q

what is the pentose sugar of DNA

A

deoxyribose: has hydrogen

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13
Q

ribose: has hydroxyl group

A

pentose sugar of RNA

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14
Q

purines

A

-adenine and guanine
-nine membered, double ringed

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15
Q

pyrimidines

A

-thymine, cytosine, uracil
-six membered, single ring

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16
Q

polynucleotides

A

5-3 prime, phosphate bonds with 3’ carbon of sugar of another molecule

17
Q

who concluded the 50-50 ratio of purines and pyrimides

A

Chargaff

18
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

used x-ray diffraction: DNA was a helical structure

19
Q

Watson and Crick

A

-double helical structure, antiparallel, sugar-phosphate backbone, H bonds bases.

20
Q

chromatin

A

sustainable material in cell nucleus: DNA and proteins

21
Q

histone proteins

A

4 types: help organize DNA (wraps twice); have a plus charge
-H2A
-H2B
-H3
-H4
-H1: hydrophobic, brings other nucleosomes together, sticks between other histones.

22
Q

scaffold proteins

A

acid base proteins
- pull loops of DNA; stick to scaffold. makes shorter packaging

23
Q

euchromatin

A

less packaged. allows DNA to be copied, actively transcribed, genes can be expressed.

24
Q

heterochromatin

A

more packaged

25
Q

what happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle:

A

-typical cell function
-1 chromosome
-1 chromatid

26
Q

S phase

A

euchromatin opens; DNA is copied

27
Q

G2 phase

A

-prepares for mitosis
-2 chromatids: double amount of genes

28
Q

mitosis

A

-chromatids pulled apart
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

29
Q

G0 phase

A

resting

30
Q

specific set of sequences at the end of a linear sequence and is required for replication
-stabilize the chromosome
-short base sequence (2 per chromosome)

A

telomeres

31
Q

what are the two types of repetitive sequence DNA

A

LINE: long interspersed nuclear elements
- function: help regulate which genes will and will not get utilized, do not code for proteins. 15% genome
SINE: short interspersed nuclear elements

32
Q

unique sequence DNA

A

make up genes, single-stranded, proteins 2% genome/DNA
- 20,000 unique genes

genetics (9 decks)

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