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BI 118 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

System
2 components of systems

A

network of interdependent components with materials and energy flowing from one to the next
Consists of compartments and flows

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2
Q

Compartments

A

AKA state variable
store resources like energy or matter

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3
Q

Flows (4 types)

A

Pathways by which resources move from one compartment to another
Photosynthesis, herbivory, predation, decomposition

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4
Q

Open systems

A

receive inputs from their surroundings and produce outputs that leave the system

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5
Q

Closed system

A

Rare, exchanges no energy or matter with surroundings

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6
Q

Equilibrium

A

System is in stable balance
Inputs=outputs

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7
Q

Feedback loops

A

Positive: increase process or component of a system
Negative: decreases process/component

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8
Q

Matter

A

Everything that takes up space and has mass
Solid, liquid, and gas

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9
Q

Organization of matter (elements, etc)

A

Elements (atoms)-molecules-cells-tissues-organisms

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10
Q

Four elements that make up 96% of living things

A

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen
Carbon makes up most organic material, is the distinction between living and nonliving

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11
Q

Key nutrients of ecosystems

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus
Limiting elements, they are essential but not abundant

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12
Q

Components of ecosystems

A
  1. Physical border (habitat)
  2. Living things (biotic)
  3. Nonliving things (abiotic)
  4. Ecological systems (food webs, nutrient cycles, and evolution)
  5. External influences
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13
Q

Producers vs consumers (in terms of energy)

A

Producers: plants, diatoms, algae
convert light into chemical, usable energy using photosynthesis
Consumers: other eaters, cellular respiration

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14
Q

Grazing vs detrital

A

Grazing is getting energy from eating, detrital is getting energy from decomposition

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15
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

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16
Q

Kinetic, potential, and chemical energy

A

Kinetic: energy in moving objects
Potential: stored energy
Chemical: stored in molecular bonds

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17
Q

Heat

A

Energy stored as kinetic energy of molecules, can be transferred between objects of different temperatures
Changing heat content can make a substance change state

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18
Q

Energy quality

A

Low: diffused, dispersed, and low in temperature (most alternative energy sources)
High: intense, concentrated, and high temperature (hot fire, oil, coal, gas)

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19
Q

Matter versus energy

A

Matter is recycled in an ecosystem
Energy is exchanged, can be used repeatedly, and can be stored temporarily, but it cannot be recycled

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20
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is conserved: it cannot be created or destroyed

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21
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Each successive energy transfer/transformation loses or degrades energy
Entropy tends to increase

22
Q

The ultimate energy source for Earth

A

The sun

23
Q

Primary producers

A

Green plants
Create carbs using sunlight, air, and water

24
Q

Two reasons the sun is essential for life on Earth

A

1) Provides warmth within a livable range
2) Almost all organisms depend on solar radiation for energy created by photosynthesis

25
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Occurs in chloroplasts
1) Light dependent reactions: enzymes split water molecules and release oxygen. ATP and NADPH created
2) Light independent reactions: ATP and NADPH are extracted for energy to create sugars

26
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Converts water to oxygen, CO2 to sugar
Water+CO2+light=sugar+oxygen

27
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Used by animals to get energy
Splits C and H molecules from glucose and recombines with oxygen to create CO2 and water
Converts oxygen to water

28
Q

Photosynthesis vs cellular respiration

A

Photosynthesis captures energy, respiration releases it

29
Q

Species

A

all organisms of the same kind that can reproduce together

30
Q

Population

A

all the members of a species living in an area at the same time

31
Q

Biological community

A

All the populations living in an area together

32
Q

Ecosystem

A

The biological community and its physical environment

33
Q

Trophic levels

A

An organisms feeding status
Primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, etc.
Highest trophic level is top predator

34
Q

Scavengers, detritivores, and decomposers

A

Scavengers clean up dead carcasses
Detritivores eat litter, debris, and dung
Decomposers complete final breakdown and recycling of matter

35
Q

Pyramid model of trophic levels

A

It takes a huge amount of lower trophic level organisms to support a few top predators

36
Q

Biomass

A

Dry weight of the plants growing on a site

37
Q

Ecosystem productivity

A

Based on how much biomass there is
More biomass=more productive
Rainforests, coral reefs, intensive agriculture are more productive

38
Q

Carbon/oxygen cycle

A

1) Photosynthesis (takes in CO2, lets off oxygen)
2) Cellular respiration (lets off CO2, takes in oxygen)
3) Physical combustion (lets off CO2, takes in oxygen)
4) Oceanic absorption (takes in CO2, lets off oxygen)

39
Q

Carbon sinks vs carbon sources

A

Sinks take in CO2 (like oceans)
Sources produce CO2 (like fossil fuels)

40
Q

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration in regards to biomass

A

Photosynthesis builds biomass
Cellular respiration uses biomass for ATP

41
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Cyanobacteria break the triple bonds of nitrogen gas to convert to usable forms
Happens in wetlands

42
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

Plants turn phosphorus into phosphate

43
Q

Human alteration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon cycles

A

Carbon: reducing sinks, increasing sources
Nitrogen: damaging wetlands, lithosphere to atmosphere
Phosphorus: fertilizer creates phosphate runoff, lithosphere to hydrosphere

44
Q

Natural vs cultural eutrophication

A

Natural eutrophication is the natural aging of lakes
Cultural eutrophication is the human-caused speeding up of aging

45
Q

Point vs non point source pollution

A

Point source is a specific and known pollutant, non point source could come from anywhere

46
Q

Nitrogen and phosphorus
Salt and fresh water

A

Phosphate limits freshwater primary production and nitrogen limits saltwater primary production

47
Q

Solutions to non-point source pollution

A

Restore riparian zones (plants growing along the river)
Reduce fertilizers, reduce phosphate in fertilizers
Fix single source sewer systems

48
Q

What are factors that promote cultural eutrophication?

A

A) shallow areas
B) increased population
C) increased agriculture

49
Q

Biogeochemical cycling

A

How the elements and compounds that sustain us are cycled through living things and the environment
Hydrologic, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfer

50
Q

How the nitrogen cycle re-enters the atmosphere

A

Denitrifying bacteria break down nitrates into N2 and nitrous oxide gases

51
Q

How nitrogen and phosphorus end up in the lithosphere

A

Nitrogen: by death and decay (ammonia)
Phosphorus: through minerals and rocks

BI 118 (4 decks)

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