Chapter 2 Flashcards
(35 cards)
Movement
All living things are capable of self-generated movement. Examples include individual bacteria swimming, humans walking, and plants moving towards light.
Respiration
All living things can extract energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins through the biochemical processes of aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration.
Sensitivity
All living things sense and react to stimuli. An example is plant tips growing towards a light source.
Growth
All living things grow and develop over time. An example is how infants grow into adults.
Reproduction
All living things can produce new living things. Examples include cell division and sexual reproduction.
Equilibrium
All living things can maintain a relatively stable internal environment unique to an individual species, known as maintaining homeostasis. This allows organisms to tolerate environmental changes such as varying temperatures or a lack of water availability.
Excretion
All living things produce wastes that must be removed. Examples include urine or dead cells, which can become toxic if not removed.
Nutrition
All living things extract nutrients from the environment, which are used to produce cellular energy, grow and develop, and maintain equilibrium. Some organisms gain nutrition by consuming food (heterotrophs), whereas others produce…
Cell theory
All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest and most basic units of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotes
______ are organisms categorized by lacking a nucleus, having a single loop of circular DNA, and potentially containing smaller circular units of DNA called plasmids. They have a plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and DNA. They reproduce through binary fission.
Eukaryotes
__________ are organisms categorized by having a nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes of DNA housed in the nucleus, and membrane-bound organelles. They tend to be larger than prokaryotes and have a plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and DNA. They reproduce through meiosis or mitosis.
Six Kingdoms of Life
Animalia, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.
Organelles
Compartments within a cell that have different structures and functions to increase cell efficiency.
Plasma Membrane
The ______________ is a selectively permeable barrier between the intracellular and the extracellular environment. It is made of a phospholipid bilayer which is studded with many molecules.
Cytosol
Fluid substance inside the cell that contains dissolved salts, nutrients, and molecules necessary for cell function.
Nucleus
The ______ is surrounded by a double membrane. Its role is to protect and confine the genetic information (DNA) of the cell. Inside the _______ is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production.
Ribosomes
________ are tiny structures made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins that fold into a large and small subunit. Cells have many _________, which either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. __________ assemble the building blocks to make proteins. Not membrane-bound.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with ribosomes. This allows the ___________ to synthesise and modify proteins. The ______________ typically surrounds, or is close to, the nucleus.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are not coated with ribosomes. The _______ is responsible for the production of lipids in a cell.
Golgi apparatus/Golgi body
Stacked flattened sacs that are the sites of protein sorting, packaging, and modification for use in the cell or export. Protein-filled vesicles often fuse with or bud off from the __________.
Lysosome
A membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. It is responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins, acting like a garbage disposal.
Mitochondria
An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane surrounded by a second outer membrane. ___________ are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP required to power cellular processes. They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
Chloroplast
A double membrane-bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled sacs that are the site of photosynthesis. ___________ also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
Vacuoles
A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage. _________ can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure. Not membrane-bound.