Chapter 2 Flashcards
Lender-Savers are
List different examples of lender-savers
- Households
- Business firms
- Government
- Foreigners
Borrower-Spenders are
- Business firms
- Government
- Households
- Foreigners
Lender-Savers ==> financial intermediaries ==> borrower-Spenders is an example of
Indirect finance
Define Direct finance
Borrowers borrow funds directly from lenders in financial markets by selling them securities.
How direct finance perform the essential function of channelling funds
By channelling funds from economic players that have saved surplus funds to those who have shortage of funds
How direct finance promote economic efficiency
By producing an efficient allocation of capital which increases production and efficiency for the overall economy
Structure of financial markets
List the type of financial markets
- Debt and equity market
- Primary and secondary market
- Exchanges and over-the-counter market
- Money and capital market
Firms can obtain funds in a Debit and equity markets in two ways
- The issuance of a debt instruments such as bond or mortgage
- The issuance of equities such as common stock
Define a bond
A bond is a debt security that promises to make payments periodically for a specified period of time
Define a mortgage
Is a contractual agreement by the borrower to pay the holder of the instrument fixed money amount at regular intervals until a specified date when a final payment is made
Define Maturity
Is the number of years until the expiration date of the instrument
If maturity term is less than a year then it is
Short-term
If maturity term is 10 years or longer then it is
Long-term
If maturity term is between one and 10 years then it is
Intermediate term
Define common stock
Are claims to share in the net income and assets of the business
Periodic payments of equities are referred as
Dividends
___________ are Long term securities that have no maturity date
Common stock
For bonds the principal payment is at ____________
Maturity date
Equities that give the holder a portion of the firm and the right to vote on important issues of the firm and elect directors is often referred to as
Common stock
Define primary market
The financial market in which new issues of security are sold to initial buyers by the corporation or government agency borrowing to the funds.
Which bank helps the issuer by underwriting securities
The investment bank
Define underwriting
To guarantee price and sells them
Define Secondary market
The financial market in which securities that have been previously issued can be resold
Who are Brokers
Are agents of investors who match buyers and sellers
Who are Dealers
Link buyers and sellers by buying and selling securities at stated price
Examples of secondary markets are
- Foreign exchange markets
- Future markets
- Options market
Which market makes financial instruments more liquid
Secondary market
How secondary market affects the prices of securities in primary market
Investors who buy securities in the primary market will pay the issuing corporation no more than the price they think the secondary market will set for that security.
Secondary markets are classified to
- Exchange market
- over-the-counter market
Define an Exchange market
Where sellers and buyers of securities meet in the one central location to conduct trades
Example of exchange markets
The 3 main examples of Exchange markets
- NYSE for stocks
- Chicago Board of Trade for commodities
- Egyptian Exchange (EGX)
Define Over-the-counter-market (OTC)
OTC market dealers are in computer contact and have an inventory of securities stand ready to buy and sell securities to anyone who is willing to accept their prices
Over-the-counter-market (OTC) example
US government bond market
Define Money market
Is a financial market in which only short term debt instruments are traded
Why do corporations and banks actively use money market
To earn interest on surplus funds because money market securities are safer
Why money market securities are safer?
They have smaller fluctuations in prices than longer term securities and more liquid.
Define Capital market
Is the market in which the longer term debt are traded and equity instruments are traded
Capital market securities are often held by ___________
Financial intermediaries
What are the US treasury bills?
These are short term instruments issued in (1/3/6) month maturities to finance the federal government
Money market instruments are
- Us treasury bills
- Negotiable bank certificates of deposits
- Commercial papers
- Repurchase agreements
- Federal funds
Which money market instrument pay a set amount at maturity and have no interest payments although they effectively pay interest by initially selling at discount
US treasury bills
Which money market instrument is the most liquid because it’s actively traded
TB
Treasury bond
Which money market instrument is the safest and why?
TB, since there is almost no possibility of default, as government can issue currency or raise taxes to meet obligations
Define default
When the issuer of the instrument is unable to pay interest payments or pay off the value of the instrument when it matures
Negotiable bank certificates of deposits are
Debt instruments sold by a bank to depositors which pay annual interest of a given amount and at maturity pays back the original price.
Which Money market instrument is important source of funds for commercial banks
Negotiable bank certificates
Negotiable CD are sold in
Negotiable bank certificates
Secondary markets
Define commercial paper
Is a short term debt instrument issued by large banks and well know corporations
Define Repurchase Agreements
Repurchase agreements (repos) are effectively short term loans (with maturity less than 2 weeks), for which treasury bills serve as collateral
What is a collateral?
is an asset that the lender receives if the borrower does not pay back the loan
The following example is an example of :
“A large corporation like Microsoft may have idle funds ($ 1 million), it buys US TB for one week. After a week the bank will repurchase the TB at a price slightly above ($1 million)”
Repurchase agreements
Which Money Market insrument is an important source of bank funds?
Repurchase agreement
Federal Funds are
Overnight loans between banks of their deposits at the Federal Reserve
Fedral reserve refers to (Central Bank)
___________ funds are loans by banks to other banks ( interbank loans)
Federal
The Interest on federal funds is called
“The federal fund rate”
(interbank rate)
If the interbank rate is high this denotes that __________
banks are strapped for funds.
If the interbank rate is low this denotes that __________
the credit needs of banks are low
CAPITAL MARKET INSTRUMENTS includes
- Stocks
- mortgages and Mortgages-Backed Securities
- Corporate bonds
- US government securities
- US government agency securities
- State and local government bonds
- Consumer and bank commercial
loans
Define a stock
Is an equity claim on the net income and assets of a corporation
Which Capital market instrument makes periodic payments (dividends) and the holder owns a portion of the firm and gives him the right to vote on important issues of the firm
Stocks
Stocks are long-term securities because
they have no maturity date
Mortgages and Mortgages-Backed
Securities are
loans to households or firms to purchase land, housing , or other real structures in which the structure or land itself serves as collateral for the loans.
_______________ are long term bonds issued by corporations with very strong credit rating.
Corporate bonds
Which type of bond sends the holder an interest payment twice a year and pays off the face value when the bond matures
Typical corporate bond
Convertible bond
Allows the bondholder to convert bonds into a specified number of shares of stock at anytime up to
the maturity date.
The main holders of corporate bonds are
- life insurance companies
- Pension funds
- Households
US government securities are
long term instruments are issued by the US treasury to finance the deficits of the federal government
What is the most liquid security traded in the capital market
US government securities
US government securities are held by
1.Federal Reserve
2.banks
3.households
4.foreigners
US government agency securities are
long-term bonds are issued by government agencies to finance mortgages, farm loans, and power generating equipment.