Chapter 2

Question 1

French Protestant dissenters, they were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes. After King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in 1685, many Huguenots fled elsewhere, including to British North America.

Answer 1

Huguenots

Question 2

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Answer 2

Edict of Nantes

Question 3

Translated as “runners of the woods,” they were French fur-trappers, also known as “voyageurs” (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.

Answer 3

coureurs de bois

Question 4

Translated as “runners of the woods,” they were French fur-trappers, who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.

Answer 4

voyageurs

Question 5

Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The Reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.

Answer 5

Protestant Reformation

Question 6

Sir Walter Raleigh’s failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina.

Answer 6

Roanoke Island

Question 7

Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.

Answer 7

Spanish Armada

Question 8

Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowners’ younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas.

Answer 8

primogeniture

Question 9

Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England’s early colonial ventures.

Answer 9

joint-stock company

Question 10

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

Answer 10

Virginia Company

Question 11

Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists’ ties to Britain during the early years of settlement.

Answer 11

charter

Question 12

First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company.

Answer 12

Jamestown

Question 13

Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England’s campaigns against the Irish.

Answer 13

First Anglo-Powhatan War

Question 14

Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.

Answer 14

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Question 15

North American Dutch colony centered in New Amsterdam (now New York). Though prosperous, this colony was conquered and absorbed by the English.

Answer 15

New Netherland

Question 16

Bound together five tribes—the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.

Answer 16

Iroquois Confederacy

Question 17

(1533-1603) Protestant queen of England whose forty-five-year reign from 1558 to 1603 firmly secured the Anglican Church and inaugurated a period of maritime exploration and conquest. Never having married, she was dubbed the “Virgin Queen” by her contemporaries.

Answer 17

Elizabeth I

Question 18

(ca. 1542-1595) English sea captain who completed his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580, plundering Spanish ships and settlements along the way.

Answer 18

Sir Francis Drake

Question 19

(ca. 1552-1618) English courtier and adventurer who sponsored the failed settlements of North Carolina’s Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. Once a favorite of Elizabeth I, Raleigh fell out of favor with the Virgin Queen after secretly marrying one of her maids of honor. He continued his colonial pursuits until 1618, when he was executed for treason.

Answer 19

Sir Walter Raleigh

Question 20

(1566-1625) Formerly James VI of Scotland, he became James I of England at the death of Elizabeth I. James I supported overseas colonization, granting a charter to the Virginia Company in 1606 for a settlement in the New World. He also cracked down on both Catholics and Puritan Separatists, prompting the latter to flee to Holland and, later, to North America.

Answer 20

James I

Question 21

(1580-1631) English adventurer who took control of Jamestown in 1608 and ensured the survival of the colony by directing gold-hungry colonists toward more productive tasks. Smith also established ties with the Powhatan Indians through the chief’s daughter, Pocahontas, who had “saved” Smith from a mock execution the previous year.

Answer 21

Captain John Smith

Question 22

(ca. 1540s-1618) Chief of the Powhatan Indians and father of Pocahontas. As a show of force, Powhatan staged the kidnapping and mock execution of Captain John Smith in 1607. He later led the Powhatan Indians in the first Anglo-Powhatan War, negotiating a tenuous peace in 1614.

Answer 22

Powhatan

Question 23

(1577-1618) Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610. A veteran of England’s brutal campaigns against the Irish, De La Warr applied harsh “Irish” tactics in his war against the Indians, sending troops to torch Indian villages and seize provisions. The colony of Delaware was named after him.

Answer 23

Lord De La Warr

Question 24

(1585-1622) English colonist whose marriage to Pocahontas in 1614 sealed the peace of the First Anglo-Powhatan War.

Answer 24

John Rolfe

Question 25

(dates unknown) Along with Deganawidah, legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy that united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century.

Answer 25

Hiawatha