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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

archival research

A

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

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2
Q

attrition

A

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

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3
Q

cause-and-effect relationship

A

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

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4
Q

clinical or case study

A

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

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5
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

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6
Q

confounding variable

A

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the
false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the
outside factor causes changes in both variables

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7
Q

control group

A

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

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8
Q

correlation

A

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

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9
Q

correlation coefficient

A

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship
between variables, and usually represented by r

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10
Q

cross-sectional research

A

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

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11
Q

debriefing

A

when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful
information about the experiment at its conclusion

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12
Q

deception

A

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

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13
Q

deductive reasoning

A

results are predicted based on a general premise

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14
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

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15
Q

double-blind study

A

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group
assignments

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16
Q

empirical

A

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

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17
Q

experimental group

A

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

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18
Q

experimenter bias

A

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

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19
Q

fact

A

objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

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20
Q

falsifiable

A

able to be disproven by experimental results

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21
Q

generalize

A

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

22
Q

hypothesis

A

(plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

23
Q

illusory correlation

A

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

24
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

25
Q

inductive reasoning

A

conclusions are drawn from observations

26
Q

informed consent

A

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an
experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate

27
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

A

committee of administrators, scientists,
veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals

28
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that
reviews proposals for research involving human participants

29
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a
particular event

30
Q

longitudinal research

A

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured
repeatedly over an extended period of time

31
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observation of behavior in its natural setting

32
Q

negative correlation

A

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation

33
Q

observer bias

A

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

34
Q

operational definition

A

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

35
Q

opinion

A

personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

36
Q

participants

A

subjects of psychological research

37
Q

peer-reviewed journal article

A

article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with
expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication

38
Q

placebo effect

A

people’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

39
Q

population

A

overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

40
Q

positive correlation

A

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

41
Q

random assignment

A

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

42
Q

random sample

A

subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

43
Q

reliability

A

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

44
Q

replicate

A

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability

45
Q

sample

A

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

46
Q

single-blind study

A

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

47
Q

statistical analysis

A

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

48
Q

survey

A

list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data
from a large number of people

49
Q

theory

A

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

50
Q

validity

A

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

Intro to Psychology (2 decks)

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