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BIO 303 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Father of Modern Taxonomy

A

Carl Linnaeus

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2
Q

Father of geology and stratigraphy

A

Nicolas Steno

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3
Q

Stratigraphy

A

the study of layering rock as a method of reconstructing the past

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4
Q

Explain the how we can explain sea levels rising or lowering through stratigraphy:

A

Limestone is deposited in deep water.
• Shale is deposited in shallow water
• Sandstone is deposited near beaches

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5
Q

Paleontology

A

the study of prehistoric life.

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6
Q

Extinction

A

Permanent loss of a population or species, arising with the death or failure to breed of the last individual.

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7
Q

Georges Buffon (1707-1788)

A

Earth formed according to laws of physics and chemistry
– Older than previously thought
• Life emerged as distinct types
– Transformed when environment changed
Slightly proposed that populations change over time.
-Species arise as distinct entities
– Diverse environments give rise to new varieties

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8
Q

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

A

Fossils resemble but are not exactly the same
as modern species
– Many past species are extinct

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9
Q

James Hutton

A

– Observable processes produce small changes that accumulate over time
– The earth must be old
-Earth transformed gradually

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10
Q

William Smith (1769-1839)

A

Different rock layers contain distinct fossils, created first geological map

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11
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

A

– Species evolve through natural processes – Life constantly generated
– Adaptation through inheritance of acquired changes

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12
Q

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A
  • Trained to be in med school, clergyman.

- Invited to serve as unofficial naturalist for HMSBeagle in 1831

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13
Q

Voyage of the Beagle

A
  • Collected many fossils and living organisms

* Studied geology while reading Principles of Geology by Lyell

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14
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

observable natural processes responsible for events in the past

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15
Q

How was Darwin Encouraged to go public:

A

• Letter from Alfred Russel Wallace proposed similar evolutionary ideas
– Common ancestry – Natural selection
• Letters from Darwin and Wallace presented at Linnean Society in 1858

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16
Q

Descent with Modification

A

– All species share common
ancestry
– Changes occur through natural selection

17
Q

Homologous Trait

A

similar because of inheritance from a common ancestor

18
Q

Example of homologous trait:

A

Human arm, seal flipper, bat wing

19
Q

Adaptations

A

traits that have evolved by natural selection

20
Q

Charles Lyell

A

The Principles of Geology

– Popularized idea that earth changes gradually

21
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

– Independently formulated idea of natural selection

22
Q

Sexual Selection

A

– Selection for traits that

provide a mating advantage

23
Q

Genetic Drift

A

– Change in frequency of traits due to chance events

24
Q

T or F: In the 17th and 18th centuries, naturalists devised systems for classifying life and recognized fossils as the remains of living things.

A

T

25
Q

T or F: Science is the use of evidence to construct testable (hypotheses) explanations and predictions of natural phenomena as well as the organization of knowledge generated through this process (theory).

A

T

26
Q

T or F: Georges Buffon proposed that the earth is very old and that life changed gradually during its history.

A

T

27
Q

T or F: Georges Cuvier helped establish that many fossils are the remains of extinct species.

A

T

28
Q

T or F: The geological record revealed a succession of different species that lived on earth.

A

T

29
Q

T or F: Jean-Baptist Lamarck developed an early theory of evolution, based in part on the idea that acquired traits are passed down through a mechanism of heredity.

A

T

30
Q

T or F: Alfred Russell Wallace independently developed a theory of evolution by means of natural selection.

A

F

31
Q

T or F: Homology is the similarity of characteristics in different species because they were inherited from a common ancestor.

A

T

32
Q

T or F: Comparisons between embryos cannot reveal homologies not evident in adulthood.

A

F

33
Q

T or F: Natural selection is a mechanism that can lead to evolution, whereby differential reproduction of individuals causes some genetic types to outcompete and replace others.

A

T

BIO 303 (4 decks)

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