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Microbiology - Second year > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Human infectious diseases belong to five major groups of organisms which are:

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Viruses

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2
Q

Which pathogen is noncellular

A

Viruses

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3
Q

Name the kingdoms of pathogens

A

Animals
Protists
Fungi
Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Rank organisms from largest diameter to smallest

A

V<B<F<protozoa and helminths

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5
Q

Which pathogen doesn’t have both nucliec acid

A

Viruses

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6
Q

Diffrentiate between pathogens ribosomes

A

B: 70s from two subunits which are 50s and 30s
Eukaryotes: 80s from two subunits which are 60s and 40s
V: have none

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7
Q

In which pathogens mitochondria are absent

A

V and B

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8
Q

The outer surface of viruses nature

A

Protien capsid and lipoprotien envelope

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9
Q

Are viruses molitile?

A

No

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10
Q

Are all B molitile?

A

No, some of them

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11
Q

How B replicates?

A

Binary fission

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12
Q

How fungi repliates

A

Budding or mitosis

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13
Q

How protozoa and helminths replicate?

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

What are trophozoites?

A

the activated, feeding stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa such as malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum

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15
Q

How viruses replicate?

A

Viruses disassemble, produce many copies of their nucliec acids and proteins, then reassemble into multiple progeny viruses

-can’t replicate without a host cells

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16
Q

Is there any histones in B

A

No

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17
Q

What is the main component of B cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

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18
Q

In which pathogen’s wall chittin exists

A

Fungi

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19
Q

Which is the only prokarote that has sterols in its cell membrane

A

Wall-less Mycoplasma

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20
Q

Which pathogens are named according to binomial linnean

A

B, fungi, protozoa and helminths

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21
Q

How is B named

A

First name: the genus
Second name: the species

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22
Q

Bacterias shapes

A

Cocci: round
Bacilli: rod like
Spirochetes: spiral shaped
Vriable in shapes: pleomorphic

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23
Q

What are the arrangements of the bacteria

A

Diplo: in pair
Staphylo: grapelike clusters
Strepto: in chains

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24
Q

B size range

A

0.2 to 5 micrometer

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25
Q

The smallest bacteria and the smallest organism that capable of existing outside a host

A

Mycoplsma

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26
Q

The largest viruses

A

Poxviruses

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27
Q

Which B species don’t have cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

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28
Q

Surface features external to the cell wall

A

Capsule
Flagella
Pili

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29
Q

Which type of B has an outer layer and what its components are

A

Gram negative
-LPS
-Lipoprotein
-Phospholipid

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30
Q

What it the name of the space between the outer layer and cytoplasmic mem in gram -ve and what it contains

A

Periplasmic space and it has enzymes called B-lactamases that degrade penicillins and B-lactam drugs

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31
Q

What is the LPS that gram -ve has

A

Endotoxin

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32
Q

Why mycobacteria can’t be stained with gram stain

A

Mycobacteria, because it’s acid-fast so it resists decolorization with acid-alchohol after being stained with carbolfuchsin

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33
Q

The acid-fast property is related to

A

Mycolic acids in the cell wall of mycobacteria

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34
Q

Which structure allows the cell to withstand low osmotic pressure

A

Peptidoglycan

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35
Q

Synonyms for peptidoglycan

A

Murein
Mucopeptide

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36
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycan

A
  • carbohydrate backbone
  • tetrapeptide
  • peptide cross-links between two tetrapeptides
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37
Q

What is carbohydrate backbone composed of

A

NAM N-acetylmuramic
NAG N-acetylglucoamine

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38
Q

The most important staining procedure in microbiology

A

Gram stain

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39
Q

What are the stains of gram

A

+ve: purple
-ve: red

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40
Q

What are the steps of gram stain

A

1) crystal violet stains all cells purple
2) the iodine sol. is added to form crystal violet-iodine complex
3) the organic solvent
4) the red dye safranin

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41
Q

How we stain the cells purple

A

With crystal violet dye

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42
Q

Organic solvent that can be used in gram staining

A

Acetone or ethanol

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43
Q

How the organic solvent works on the cell

A

Extracts the purple dye from the lipid-rich, thin-walled, gram -ve cells

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44
Q

How the -ve cells appears after the organic solvent step

A

Colorless

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45
Q

Which cells are more susceptible to penicillin

A

Gram +ve

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46
Q

What drugs target the peptidoglycan

A

PCV:
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin

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47
Q

Which enzyme synthesis peptidoglycan and how

A

Transpeptidas: makes the cross-links between tetrapeptides
Inhibited by PCV

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48
Q

Where lysozyme presents

A

Mucus
Tears
Saliva

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49
Q

What lysozyme does

A

Breaks the glycosyl bonds in the carbohydrate backbone

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50
Q

Spherical forms of bacteria that survived lysozyme are called

A

Protoplasts

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51
Q

Bacteria that only surrounded by cytoplasmic mem.

A

Protoplats

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52
Q

Responsible for many features of disease in -ve

A

Endotoxin

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53
Q

Features of disease that are caussed by endotoxin

A

Fever
Shock
Hypertension

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54
Q

Why it’s called endotoxin

A

Because it is an integral part of cell wall that is in contrast to exotoxin

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55
Q

The constellation of symptoms caused by endotoxins

A

Similar but the severity of the symptoms can differ greatly

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56
Q

Bacteria that can’t be seen with gram stain

A

MTMLCR
Mycobacteria
Trepponema pallidum
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Chlamydiae
Rickettsiae

57
Q

Which B cant be gram stained because its small size

A

Chlamydiae
Rickettsiae

58
Q

Which B cant be gram stained because it has too much lipid in cell wall

A

Mycobacteria

59
Q

Which B cant be grm stained because it is too thin to be seen

A

Treponema pallidum
TT

60
Q

Which B cant be gram stained because it has no cell wall

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

61
Q

Which B cant be gram stained because it has poor uptake of red counterstain

A

Legionella pneumophila

62
Q

Cell mem. Functions

A

Active transport
Energy generation - oxidative phospholyration
Synthesis of precursors of the cell wall
Secretion of enzymes and toxins

63
Q

The distinct areas of cytoplasm

A

Amorphous matrix
Nucleoid

64
Q

Targets for antibacterial drugs

A

Peptidoglycans
Ribosomes

65
Q

Storage areas in the cytoplasm

A

Granules

66
Q

Bacterias genome that has two chromosomes

A

Vibrio cholerae

67
Q

The B that has a linear chromosome

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

68
Q

The major difference between the human DNA and the B DNA is

A

B DNA has no intrions

69
Q

Extrachromosomal, double stranded, circular DNA

A

Plasmids

70
Q

Toxic component of endotoxin

A

Lipid A

71
Q

Polymers of teichoic acid

A

Glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate

72
Q

How teichoic acid links to the cell

A
  • pentrate the PG layer and links to the cytoplasmic mem (lipoteichoic acid)
  • anchor to muramic acid of PG
73
Q

What causes inflammation and septic shock in gram +ve

A

Teichoic acid

74
Q

Types of plasmids

A

Transmissible
Nontansmissible

75
Q

The plasmid type that can transffer by conjunction

A

Transmissible

76
Q

Transmissible olasids are

A

Large

77
Q

How many copies the B have of each plasmid type

A

T: 1 to 3 copies
N: 10 to 60 copies

78
Q

The plasmids that are responsible for sex pilus synthesis

A

Transmissible

79
Q

Plasmids genes functions

A

Antibiotic resistance
Exotoxins
Pili
Resistance to heavy metals
Resistanve to ultraviolet light
Bacteeriocins

80
Q

Bacteriocins

A

Toxic proteins produced by certain bacteria that are lethal for other bacteria

81
Q

How do bacteriocins work

A

1- degradation of bacterial cell membrane by producin pores in the mem.
2- degradation of bacterial DNA with DNAse

82
Q

Bacterocins made by E.coil

A

Colicins

83
Q

Bacteriocins that are made by psedomonas aeruginosa

A

Pyocins

84
Q

Treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria by

A

Bacteriocins

85
Q

Jumping genes are

A

Transposons

86
Q

Transposons are between

A

DNAs of bacteria
Plasmids
Bacteriophages

87
Q

Types of trasposons

A

Replicative transposons
Direct transposons

88
Q

how are you?

A

dying :)

89
Q

how many domains do transposons have

A

4

90
Q

how many inverted repeats are on the transposon

A

one on each side

91
Q

what is the funtion of IR

A

integration of the transposon into the recipient DNA

92
Q

what is the funtion of IR

A

integration of the transposon into the recipient DNA

93
Q

what are the 4 domains of transposon

A

1) inverted repeats
2) the gene for teansposase
3) the repressor
4) enzyme mediating antibiotic resistance

94
Q

what it is the gene for transposase function

A

an enzyme that mediates the excicion and integration process

95
Q

what is the repressor function

A

regulates the synthesis of transposase and the enzyme that mediates antibiotic resistance

96
Q

can transposons replicate by itself

A

no, unlike plasmids

97
Q

can transposons move from bacterium to another

A

yes, conjugative transposons

98
Q

what is the capsule and what is composed of

A

a gelatinous layer covers the whole B
- polysaccharides

99
Q

which B its capsule isnt composed of PS and what is the alternative

A
  • anthrax bacillus
    composed of d-glutamic acid
100
Q

what we call the difference in the sugar components of PS between bacteria

A

serologic type - serotype

101
Q

importance of the capsule

A

1) determinant of virulence of many B
2) specific identification
3) antigens in certain vaccines
4) play a role in adherence

102
Q

how does capsule has a role in determinant of virulance

A
  • limits the ability of phagocytes to engulf B
  • negative charge on PS repel the -ve charged cell mem. of neutrophil so it prevent the ingestion of the B
103
Q

how does capsule has a role in determinant of virulance

A
  • limits the ability of phagocytes to engulf B
  • negative charge on PS repel the -ve charged cell mem. of neutrophil so it prevent the ingestion of the B
104
Q

how does capsule play a role in identification

A

by using antiserum against the capsular PS

105
Q

what is quellung rxn

A

when we use an antiserum in the presence of homologous antibody, the capsule will swell greatly. the swelling is used to identify certain organisms

106
Q

why are capsules PS used in certain vaccines

A

because they are capable of eliciting protective bodies

107
Q

how the B would be able to engulf the capsule

A

antibodies against the capsule neutrilize the antiphagocytic effect and allow the process

108
Q

what is opsonization

A

an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes

109
Q

flagella shape

A

long
whiplike

110
Q

what is the process of flagella that moves the B toward nutrients and other attractants called

A

chemotaxis

111
Q

flagella is composed of

A

many subunits of flagellin (single protein)

112
Q

the energy to move flagella is provided by

A

proton motive force by ATP

113
Q

which B dont have flagella

A

nonmolitile cocci

114
Q

what is the importance of flagella

A

1) identification by some specific antibodies against flagellar proteins
2) a role in pathogensis by propelling the B up the urinary tract to the bladder
3) common cause of urinary tract inf. e.g. E. coli and proteus species

115
Q

syn. for pili

A

fimbriae

116
Q

spirichetes flagellum-like structue

A

axial filament

117
Q

pili shape

A

hairlike filaments
shorter and staighter than flagella

118
Q

pili are composed of

A

helical strands of pilin protein

119
Q

in which gram cells pili are mainly found

A

-ve

120
Q

a structure that mediate the attachment of B to human cells receptors

A

pili

121
Q

mutants of which B do not form pili and are nonpathogen

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

122
Q

used in conjugation

A

sex pilus

123
Q

what is glycocalyx

A

PS coating secreted by many B

124
Q

how does glycocalyx work

A

it covers surfaces like a film and allows the B ro adhere firmly to various structures

125
Q

examples of structures that glycocalyx adhere to it

A

skin
heart valves
prosthetic joints
catheters قسطرة

126
Q

glycocalyx is an important component of

A

biofilms

127
Q

medical importance of glycocalyx

A

it is the glycocalyx producing strains in P.aeriginosa and staphylococcus epidermidis and viridans streptococci

128
Q

causes respiratory tract infictions in cytic fibrosis patients

A

P. aeruginosa

129
Q

causes endocarditis

A

staphylococcus epidermidis and viridans streptococci

130
Q

B adheres to the teeth by glycocalys and forms plaque

A

streptococcus mutant

131
Q

plaque are

A

precursor of dental caries

132
Q

Highly resistance structures are formed in response to adverse conditions

A

Bacterial spores

133
Q

How many genra causes bacterial spores and what are they

A

Two
-bacillus
-clostridium

134
Q

Which agent bacillus includes

A

Anthrax

135
Q

Which agents clostridium includs

A

Tetanus
Botulism

136
Q

When sporulation occus

A

When nutrients are depleted

137
Q

Where the spores form

A

Inside the cell

138
Q

How the spores form within the cell

A

With a thick, keratin like coat that giver resistance of the spores to heat, dehydration, radiation and chemicals

Microbiology - Second year (1 decks)

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