Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is the most abundant molecule in the human body?
water
What % of the human body is made of water?
60-70%
What Molecule is most critical for life on earth?
Water
Why is water the most important molecule?
-it is a polar molecule
-It can form Hydrogen Bonds
What are the 4 major classes of Molecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid
What do all organic material have?
Carbon
Where are Carbohydrates found?
Found in Grains Fruits and vegetables
3 main subtypes of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
What do Monosaccharides exist as?
Either linear chains or ring shaped molecules
Assume ring structure in
aqueous solutions
- Five- and six-carbon monosaccharides
exist in equilibrium between linear and
ring forms - Ring forms and the side chain it closes
on is locked into an α or β position - Fructose and ribose also form rings
- they form five-membered rings as
opposed to the six-membered ring of
glucose
DISACCHARIDE FORMATION
Disaccharides form when two
monosaccharides are linked in a
dehydration reaction
Example of disacride
Fructose + Glucose= Sucrose
How are 2 monomers linked together?
Joined By a glycosidic bond. Resulting in a 1,2 glycosidic bond.
What are the 2 components of starch?
Amylose and Amylopectin
Amylose structure
Unbranched 1-4 glucose bonds
Amylopectin structure
Branched 1-4 or 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Where is Cellulose found
In plant walls
Cellulose structure
Unbranched glucose linked in a chain 1-4. Each chain is flipped resulting in a linear structure.
A person is lactose intolerant what type of molecule is lactose?
Disaccharide
What is high Fructose corn syrup
Fermented corn and a mix of the 3 different carbs.
Are lipids polar or non-polar?
Non-polar
Do Non polar hydrocarbons repel water?
Yes, Non carbon hydrocarbons repel water.
Functions of lipids
-Long term energy storage
-provides insulation from environment for insulation
-serves as building blocks for some hormones
-Important component of some membranes
5 types of lipids
1.) waxes
2.) Fats
3.) Oils
4.) Phospholipids
5.) Steroids
example of lipids
glycerol or fatty acid
Common saturated fatty acid
stearic acid
What do saturated fatty acids have that unsaturated do not?
Double Carbon Bonds
Are saturated fats solids or liquid at room temp?
Solids
Are unsaturated fats solids or liquids at room temp?
Liquids referred to as oils
Common Unsaturated fatty acid
oleic acid
What is it called when there is one carbon to carbon double bond in an unsaturated fat?
Monounsaturated fat
What is it called when there is more than one carbon to carbon double bond in an unsaturated fat?
Polyunsaturated fat
Does trans acid have a kink?
There is no kink
essential fatty acids
Required but not created by the body must be taken in (omega 3)
These are heart healthy
waxes
long chains of fatty acids
hydrophobic
found on the feathers of some aquatic birds and plants leaves
Phospholipids
-molecule with
two fatty acids and a modified
phosphate group attached to a
glycerol backbone
-The phosphate may be modified
by the addition of charged or
polar chemical groups
2 common phospholipids
choline and serine
What are phospholipids crucial to
plasma membrane
steroids
-have a closed ring structure
-4 linked carbon rings
-many with a short tail
steroids conti.
-Hydrophobic
-synthesized in liver
-Precursor to other hormones such
as testosterone and estradiol
- Precursor to vitamin D
- Precursor to bile salts
Common type of steroid
Cholesterol
Protein functions
Digestive enzymes
Transport
Structural
Hormones
Defense
Contractile
Storage
Monomers that make up proteins
Amino Acids
How are amino acids linked
Linked via peptide bond formation
Protein denature and folding
Protein structure and shape can
be changed if chemical
interactions are broken
How can protein structure be changed
Change in temp
change in PH
Denaturation
changes in protein structure that lead to changes in function
What are the Hydrogen Bonds in water
polar covalent bonds
What are the charges of oxygen and hydrogen in water
Oxygen is negative
Hydrogen is Positive
3 states of water
liquid- constantly making new bonds
gas- water is heated causing bonds to break molecules to escape into air
-solid water- temp is lowered crystal structure is maintained
heat capacity
specific heat capacity refers to the amount of heat one gram of substance must absorb to raise 1 degree C
- Means water takes a long time to heat up and cool down
Heat of vaporization
The amount of
energy required to change one gram of a
liquid substance to gas
-water has a high heat of vaporization
Cohesion in water
water molecules stick together at the liquid-gas interface due to hydrogen bonding
Surface tension
due to cohesion in water
