Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atom:

A

smallest stable unit of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called…

A

isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is it possible for 2 samples of hydrogen to contain the same number of atoms, yet have different weights?

A

the heavier sample must contain a higher proportion of one or both of the heavier isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define chemical bond and identify several types of chemical bonds.

A

an attractive force acting between two atoms that may be strong enough to hold them together in a molecule or compound - examples of such chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What bond holds atoms in a water molecule together? What attracts water molecules?

A

polar covalent bonds - hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Both oxygen and neon are gases at room temperature. Oxygen combines w/ other elements, but neon doesn’t. Why?

A

oxygen does not have a full outer energy level - while neon does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is an ion’s electrical charge represented?

A

by a superscript plus or minus sign following the symbol of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Write the molecular formula for glucose, a compound composed of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms.

A

C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identify and describe three types of chemical reactions important to human physiology.

A

Decomposition reactions (chemical reaction breaks a molecule into smaller fragments)

Synthesis reactions (assembles smaller molecules into larger ones)

Exchange reactions (parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled to produce new products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In cells, glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is converted into two three-carbon molecules by a reaction that releases energy. What type of reaction is this?

A

decomposition reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enzyme

A

protein that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are enzymes needed in cells?

A

without them, chemical reactions would proceed ONLY under conditions that the cells could not tolerate - such as temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inorganic VS. Organic Compounds

A

Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.

Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as structural components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do the chemical properties of water make life possible.

A

its strong *polarity, its *reactivity, its *high heat capacity, and its ability to serve as a *lubricant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define pH

How does it relate to acidity and alkalinity?

A

a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in fluids

7 represents a neutral solution; values below 7 indicate acidic solutions, and values above 7 indicate basic (alkaline) solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the significance of pH in physiological systems?

A

if the body is to maintain homeostasis and thus health, the pH of different body fluids must remain within a fairly narrow range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define acid, base, and salt

A

acid: A compound whose dissociation in solution releases a hydrogen ion and an anion.

base: A compound whose dissociation releases a hydroxide ion/removes a hydrogen ion from the solution.

salt: An inorganic compound consisting of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does an antacid help decrease stomach discomfort?

A

neutralizes the excess stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What macromolecules are important to living things?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What functional group acts as an acid?

A

the carboxyl group - COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Plant starch and glycogen are both polysaccharides. What monomer do they have in common?

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lipids

A

diverse group of compounds that include *fatty acids, *eicosanoids, glycerides, *steroids, *phospholipids, and *glycolipids - they are *organic compounds that contain *carbon, *hydrogen, and *oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which lipids would you find in human plasma membranes?

A

phospholipids and small amounts of cholesterol and glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Protein

A

the main function of support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, and defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does boiling a protein affect its structural and functional properties?

A

boiling *breaks bonds that maintain the protein’s tertiary structure, *quaternary structure, or *both - known as *denaturation, affects the *ability of the protein molecule to perform its normal biological functions.

26
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

it can regulate protein synthesis and make up the genetic material in cells

27
Q

A large organic molecule made of the sugar ribose, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups is which kind of nucleic acid?

A

both *DNA and *RNA contain nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups, but the nucleic acid described is *RNA because it contains the sugar ribose

28
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

a high-energy compound consisting of adenosine to which three phosphate groups are attached

29
Q

What molecule is produced by the phosphorylation of ADP?

A

phosphorylation of an ADP molecule yields a molecule of ATP

30
Q

What is the following reaction?

ABCD + H2O -> ABCH + DOH

A

hydrolysis

31
Q
  1. The subatomic particle with the least mass

a. carries a negative charge

b. carries a positive charge

c. plays no part in the atom’s chemical reactions

d. is found only in the nucleus

A

a. carries a negative charge

32
Q
  1. Isotopes of an element differ from each other in the number of

a. protons in the nucleus

b. neutrons in the nucleus

c. electrons in the outer shells

d. all are correct

A

b. neutrons in the nucleus

33
Q
  1. The number and arrangement of electrons in an atom’s outer energy level (valence shell) determine the atom’s

a. atomic weight

b. atomic number

c. molecular weight

d. chemical properties

A

d. chemical properties

34
Q
  1. All organic compounds in the human body contain all of the following elements except

a. hydrogen

b. oxygen

c. carbon

d. calcium

e. both a and d

A

d. calcium

35
Q
  1. A substance containing atoms of different elements that are bonded together is called a(n)

a. molecule

b. compound

c. mixture

d. isotope

e. solution

A

b. compound

36
Q
  1. All the chemical reactions that occur in the human body are collectively referred to as

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

d. homeostasis

A

c. metabolism

37
Q
  1. Which of the following chemical equations illustrates a typical decomposition reaction?

a. A + B -> AB

b. AB + CD -> AD +CB

c. 2A2 + B2 -> 2A2B

d. AB -> A + B

A

d. AB -> A + Bc

38
Q
  1. The speed, or rate, of a chemical reaction is influenced by

a. the presence of catalysts

b. the temperature

c. the concentration of the reactants

d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

39
Q
  1. A pH of 7.8 in the human body typifies a condition referred to as

a. acidosis

b. alkalosis

c. dehydration

d. homeostasis

A

b. alkalosis

40
Q
  1. A(n) _______ is a solute that dissociates to release hydrogen ions, and a(n) _______ is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from solution.

a. base, acid

b. salt, base

c. acid, salt

d. acid, base

A

d. acid, base

41
Q
  1. Special catalytic molecules called _____ speed up chemical reactions in the human body.

a. enzymes

b. cytozymes

c. cofactors

d. activators

e. cytochromes

A

a. enzymes

42
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a function of a protein?

a. support

b. transport

c. metabolic regulation

d. storage of genetic information

e. movement

A

d. storage of genetic information

43
Q
  1. Complementary base pairing in DNA includes the pairs

a. adenine-uracil and cytosine-guanine

b. adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine

c. adenine-guanine and cytosine-thymine

d. guanine-uracil and cytosine-thymine

A

b. adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine

44
Q
  1. What are the three subatomic particles in atoms?
A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

45
Q
  1. What 4 major classes of organic compounds (polymers) are found in the body?
A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

46
Q
  1. List 3 important functions of triglycerides (neutral fats) in the body.
A
  1. provide a significant energy reserve
  2. serve as insulation and thus act in heat conservation
  3. protect organs by cushioning them
47
Q
  1. List 7 major functions performed by proteins.
A
  1. support (structural proteins)
  2. movement (contractile proteins)
  3. transport (transport proteins)
  4. buffering
  5. metabolic regulation
  6. coordination and control (hormones and neurotransmitters)
  7. defense (antibodies)
48
Q

a. What 3 basic components make up a nucleotide of DNA

b. What 3 basic components make up a nucleotide of RNA

A

a. 1. DNA
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogenous bases
(A, T, C, G)

b. 1. RNA
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogenous bases
(A, U, C, G)

49
Q
  1. What 3 components are required to create the high-energy compound ATP?
A
  1. Adenosine
  2. Phosphate
  3. Appropriate enzymes
50
Q
  1. If a polypeptide contains 10 peptide bonds, how many amino acids does it contain?

a. 9

b. 10

c. 11

d. 12

A

c. 11

51
Q
  1. A dehydration synthesis reaction between glycerol and a single fatty acid would yield a(n)

a. micelle

b. omega-3 fatty acid

c. triglyceride

d. monoglyceride

e. diglyceride

A

d. monoglyceride

52
Q
  1. Explain how enzymes function in chemical reactions
A

specialized protein catalysts that lower the activation energy for chemical reactions - they speed up chemical reactions but are not used/changed in the process.

53
Q
  1. What is salt? How does a salt differ from an acid or a base?
A

ionic compound consisting of any cations other than hydrogen ions and any anions other than hydroxide ions - acids dissociate and release hydrogen ions, while bases remove the ions from the solution.

54
Q
  1. Explain the differences among nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.
A

Nonpolar: Have an equal sharing of electrons

Polar: Have an unequal sharing of electrons

Ionic: Result from loss/gain of electrons

55
Q
  1. In exergonic reaction

a. large molecules are broken down into smaller ones

b. small molecules are assembled into larger ones

c. molecules are rearranged to form new molecules

d. molecules move from reactants to products and back

e. energy is released during the reaction

A

e. energy is released during the reaction

56
Q
  1. The hydrogen bonding that occurs in water is responsible for all of the following except

a. the high boiling point of water

b. the low freezing point of water

c. the ability of water to dissolve nonpolar substances

d. the ability of water to dissolve inorganic salts

e. the surface tension of water

A

c. the ability of water to dissolve nonpolar substances

57
Q
  1. A sample that contains an organic molecule has the following constituents: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Is the molecule more likely to be a carbohydrate, a lipid, a protein, or a nucleic acid?
A

A nucleic acid. Only nucleic acids normally contain phosphorus.

58
Q
  1. An atom of the element calcium has 20 protons and 20 neutrons. Determine the following information about calcium:

a. number of electrons

b. atomic number

c. atomic weight

d. number of electrons in each energy level

A

a. 20

b. 20

c. 40

d. 2 electrons in the 1st energy level. 8 in 2nd energy level. 8 in 3rd energy level. 2 in outer energy level.

59
Q
  1. A certain reaction pathway consists of 4 steps. How would decreasing the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the second step affect the amount of product produced at the end of the pathway?
A

This would slow down the remaining steps of the pathway because less substrate would be available for the next two steps. This would result in a decrease in the amount of product.

60
Q
  1. An important buffer system in the human body involves carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in the reversible reaction

CO2 + H2O <—> H2CO3 <—> H+ + HCO3-

If a person becomes excited and exhales large amounts of CO2, how will the pH of the person’s body be affected?

A

If this were to occur, the level of H+ in the blood will decrease. A decrease in the level of H+ will cause the pH to increase.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions