Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is the society that is small, simple, pre-modern; has little division of labor except by age and gender; and held together by common beliefs, values, and emotional ties
Mechanical societies
What is the society that is large and complex; extensive division of labor; held together by interdependence of specialized individuals; has social classes; and has clear division of labor
Organic societies
Type of power & authority that is authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right
Traditional authority
Example of traditional authority
queen or king
Type of power & authority that is authority based on laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader
Legal rational authority
Example of legal rational authority
President
Type of power & authority that is authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader
Charismatic authority
Example of charismatic authority
Hitler or Stalin
What is the society that lives by hunting and gathering food; lives in small groups (20-50); division of labor only by gender and age; focus on whole group; sharing of resources
Hunter-gatherer society
What type of society domesticates plants and animals; semi-nomadic; group size up to 3,000; food surplus; status and power hierarchies; learning best regions to settle in; establishment of permanent villages and construction of fortified towns
Herding-horticultural society
Social class that creates more modern technology
Full time craft specialist
Social class that played a key role in granting means of violence into the of a few leaders
Professional priests, bureaucrats, and soldiers
What type of society raise crops for food using technological advances; permanent settlement; population up to a million; birth of feudal system; food surplus; emergence of social classes
Agricultural or Agrarian societies
What is the Agricultural Revolution?
transition from medieval farming to more productive, mechanical, and efficient farming through innovations starting in mid-1700s
Effects of Agrarian Revolution
more food = bigger population
farmers moving to the city to get factory jobs
Effects of rapid urbanization
overcrowding
poor living conditions
no sanitary conditions
easy spread of disease
How did the factory system impact production of goods?
faster production and mass production. allowed access to greater variety of goods
How did industrialization contribute to the growth of the middle class?
more job opportunities
What are unions?
organizations that act as an intermediary between members and business
Purpose of unions
to negotiate for more favorable working conditions and other benefits
Goals of labor movement
better working conditions
shorter hours
higher wages
stop child labor
Socialism
reformers sought to offset the ill effects of industrialization with a new economic policy
Socialists believed the government should control …
factories, mines, railroads, industries
Who supported the labor movement?
factory workers
Who opposed the the labor movement?
Factory owners, business owners
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
What is the bourgeoisie?
middle class/employers
What is the proletariats?
all workers
Communism
form of complete socialism. all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses owned by the people. private property would not exist. everything shared equally
Who wrote the Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith
What is laissez-faire?
government should not interfere, “hands off” government
Capitalism
economic and political system which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit
