Chapter 2 Flashcards
In the order primates, what are the two suborders?
Prosimii and anthropoidea
What are the alternative suborders in the order primates?
Strepsirhini - loris and lemurs
Haplorhini - all monkeys, including humans and tarsiers
In the suborder prosimii, what are the three infraorders?
Lemuriformes (all lemurs)
Lorisiformes (all lorises and galagos)
Tarsiiformes (all tarsiers)
In the suborder anthropoidea, what are the two infraorders?
Catarrhini (Old world monkeys, apes & humans)
Platyrrhini (New world monkeys)
In the infraorder Catarrhini, what are the two superfamilies?
Cercopithecoidea (all old world monkeys)
Hominoidea (apes and humans)
In the superfamily cercopithecoidea, what is the family?
Cercopithecidae (all old world monkeys)
In the family cercopithecidae, what are the two subfamilies?
Cercopithecinae (baboons, macaques, guenons, etc.)
Colobinae (colobus species, langurs)
In the superfamily hominoidea, what are the three families?
Hylobatidae (gibbons and siamang)
Pongidae (great apes)
Homonidae (humans)
In the subfamily pongidae, what are the three genera?
Pongo, Gorilla, Pan
Within the subfamily pongidae, what are the four genus-species?
Pongo Pygmaues (orangutans - 2 sub species) Gorilla Gorilla (3 subspecies) Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees - 3 sub species) Pan paniscus (bonobos)
In the family homonidae, what is its genus species?
Homo sapien
In the infraorder Platyrrhini, what is its superfamily?
Ceboidea
In the superfamily ceboidea, what are its five families?
Pitheciidae (Sakis, uakari) Aotidae (owl monkeys) Calltrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) Atelidae (howlers, spider monkeys and muriquis) Cebidae (squirrel monkeys, capuchins)
What is the name of the principle that describes larger animals to have lower BMR, and smaller ones to have higher BMR relative to body size?
Jarman/Bell Principle; explains that larger animals require lower quality food and have lower BMR relative to smaller animals. Brains smaller in larger animals.
What is the difference between allometric and isometric scaling?
Allometric growth involves disproportionate growth of 2 variables whereas isometric growth involves equal growth
Describe life histories of primates compared to other mammals, and primates in general.
Life histories of primates are allometrically long compared to other mammals of similar size. Otherwise, isometric within the primate order.
Exception - Gorilla
As per life histories, what 6 characteristics do primates possess that contrast with other mammals?
Longer gestation length, postnatal development, first reproduction age, inter-birth interval, generation length and life span
What is the difference between being precocial and altricial?
Precocial offspring are well developed at birth. Altricial are underdeveloped.
What are the two hypotheses behind the development of stereoscopic vision?
Arboreal creatures required stereoscopic vision to gauge distance of tree branches.
Visual predation hypothesis pertains to insectivorous diets ancestral primates were thought to have. Easier to catch prey.
Theories not mutually exclusive.
What is the difference between being monotypic and polytypic?
Monotypic has one species under its genus whereas polytypic has multiple species under its genus
What is the difference between dental formulas of catarrhines and platyrrhines?
Catarrhines - 2.1.2.3
Platyrrhines - 2.1.3.3 - extra premolar
What are the two most ancient primates?
Lorises and lemurs
What is a trait found in two different species that evolved separately from one another?
Homeoplasy
What is the name of a trait inherited from its last common ancestor?
Homology
What is a molecular clock?
The estimated rate of mutations
What (2) muscles do folivorous primates develop for chewing?
Temporalis and masseter
How can we identify what primate is most likely folivorous or frugivorous?
Frugivorous -relatively larger incisors, flatter molars
Folivorous - relatively small incisors, larger, sharper molars
What can body size tell us about primate ranging patterns?
Larger primates tend to have smaller day ranges, but larger home ranges. Opposite for smaller primates.
What suborder of primates do not have patrilineal societies? What family of primates have male-biased dispersal into matrilineal groups?
Prosimians; Cercopithecines
What 3 groups of primates have equal dispersal among genders?
Prosimians, callitrichids and colobines
What two groups of primates have a 50/50 dispersal of equal dispersal and female-biased dispersal?
Hominoids and cebids
