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Chem 101 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of Definite Proportions

A

different samples of a given compound always contain the same elements in the same mass ratio

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2
Q

Law of Multiple Proportions

A

if two elements can combine to form more than one compound with each other, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers

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3
Q

Law of Conservation of Mass

A

matter can neither be created or destroyed

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4
Q

Atom

A

the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination

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5
Q

Radiation

A

the emission and transmission of energy through space in the forms of waves

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6
Q

Cathode Ray Tube

A

used to investigate atomic structure

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7
Q

Coulomb

A
  • the derived S.I. unit of electric charge
  • 1 Coulomb=1 (Ampere)(second)
  • 1.76x10^8 Coulombs/gram
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8
Q

Charge of Electron

A

-1.6022x10^-19 Coulombs

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9
Q

Mass of Electron

A

9.10x10^-28 grams

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10
Q

Radioactivity

A

describes the spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation

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11
Q

Alpha Rays

A

consist of positively charged particles called “alpha particles” that are deflected away from the positively charged plate in the Cathode Ray Tube

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12
Q

Beta Rays/Particles

A

are electrons, so they are deflected away from the negatively charged plate in the Cathode Ray Tube

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13
Q

Gamma Rays

A

high-energy, have no charge and are unaffected by external electric or magnetic fields

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14
Q

Rutherfords Experiment

A

plum pudding model –> nuclear model

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

an extremely dense central core within the atom

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16
Q

Protons

A

the positively charged particles in the nucleus

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17
Q

Mass of Proton

A

1.67262x10^-24 grams

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18
Q

Charge of Proton

A

1.6022x10^-19 Coulombs

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19
Q

Picometer (pm)

A

1 pm=1x10^-12 m

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20
Q

Angstrom

A

1 Angstrom=1x10^-10 m

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21
Q

Atomic Number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of the element. Also indicates the number of electrons because atoms are neutral

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22
Q

Mass Number

A

the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element

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23
Q

Nucleons

A

a particle within the nucleus

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24
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers

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25
Q

Periods

A

the elements are arranged by atomic number (above the element symbol) in horizontal rows

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26
Q

Groups/Families

A

vertical columns. Elements in the same group tend to have similar physical and chemical properties

27
Q

Metal

A

a good conductor of heat and electricity

28
Q

Nonmetal

A

a poor conductor of heat and electricity

29
Q

Metalloid

A

has properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals

30
Q

Groups on the Periodic Table of Elements: what are their names?

A
  1. Alkali metals=group 1A-Hydrogen
  2. Alkaline Earth metals=group 2A
  3. Chalcogens=group 6A
  4. Halogens=Group 7A
  5. Noble Gases=Group 8A
  6. Transition metals/elements=Groups 1B and Groups 3B-8B
31
Q

Atomic Mass

A

the mass of an atom in atomic mass units

32
Q

One Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

A

a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom

33
Q

Atomic Weight

A

sometimes used to mean average atomic mass

34
Q

Monatomic Gases

A

exist in the form of isolated atoms under ordinary conditions. Only 6 noble gases

35
Q

Molecule

A

a combination of at least two atoms in a specific arrangement held together by electrostatic forces known as covalent chemical bonds

36
Q

Diatomic Molecule

A

consists of two atoms

37
Q

Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

A

both atoms in each molecule are of the same element

38
Q

Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

A

contains atoms of different elements

39
Q

Polyatomic Molecules

A

molecules containing more than two atoms

40
Q

Chemical Formula

A

denotes the composition of the substance

41
Q

Molecular Formula

A

shows the exact number of atoms of each element in a molecule

42
Q

Allotrope

A

one of two or more distinct forms of an element. e.g. two of the allotropic forms of the element carbon are diamonds and graphite, which have dramatically different properties

43
Q

Structural Formula

A

shows not only the elemental composition, but also the general arrangement of atoms within the molecule

44
Q

Binary Molecular Compounds

A

substances that consist of just two different elements

45
Q

Acid

A

a substance that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

46
Q

Ionizable Hydrogen Atom

A

one that separates from the molecule upon dissolving and becomes a hydrogen ion

47
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

generally defined as compounds that do not contain carbon

48
Q

Organic Compounds

A

contain carbon and hydrogen, sometimes in combination with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and the halogens

49
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

organic compounds that contain only carbon and oxygen

50
Q

Alkane

A

the simplest examples of hydrocarbons. The name of alkane depends on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule

51
Q

Functional Group

A

a group of atoms that replaces one of the hydrogen atoms. Determines many of the chemical properties of a compound because it typically is where a chemical reaction occurs

52
Q

Greek prefixes: what are they?

A 
mono=1
di=2
tri=3
tetra=4
penta=5
hexa=6
hepta=7
octa=8
nona=9
deca=10
53
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

strong electrostatic forces that hold ions together, making ionic compounds

54
Q

Atomic Ions

A

an ion that consists of just one atom with a positive or negative charge A.K.A. monatomic ion

55
Q

Cation

A

an ion with a net positive charge. Caused by the loss of one or more electrons

56
Q

Anion

A

an ion whose net charge is negative due to the increase in the number of electrons

57
Q

Ionic Compound

A

consists of cations and anions

58
Q

Polyatomic Ions

A

ions that consist of a combination of two or more atoms. Held together by covalent chemical bonds

59
Q

Lattice

A

interspersed cations and anions. Not discrete molecular units

60
Q

Oxoanions

A

polyatomic anions that contain one or more oxygen atoms and one atom of another element

61
Q

Oxoacids

A

ionize to produce hydrogen ions and the corresponding oxoanions

62
Q

Polyprotic

A

oxoacids that have more that on ionizable hydrogen atom

63
Q

Hydrates

A

compounds that have a specific number of water molecules within their solid structure

Chem 101 (2 decks)

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