Chapter 2

Question 0

Hypothesis

Answer 0

Prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related

Question 1

Theories

Answer 1

Organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena

Question 2

Replication

Answer 2

Repetition of the methods used in a previous experiment to see whether the same methods will yield the same results

Question 3

Independent variable (IV)

Answer 3

The factor the researcher manipulates Ina common expire meant (the cause)

Question 4

Dependent variable (DV)

Answer 4

The behavior or mental process that is measured in an experiment or quasi-experiment (the effect)

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

All the individuals in the group to which the study applies

Question 6

Sample

Answer 6

The subgroup of the population that participates in the study

Question 7

Random selection

Answer 7

Choosing members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in the study

Question 8

Experimental group

Answer 8

The subgroup of the sample that receives the treatment or independent variable (IV)

Question 9

Control group

Answer 9

The comparison group; the subgroup of the sample that is similar to the experimental group in every way except for the presence of the independent variable

Question 10

Random assignment

Answer 10

Division of the sample into groups so that every individual has an equal chance of being Putin any group or condition

Question 11

Confounding variables

Answer 11

Factors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the independent variable

Question 12

Operational definition

Answer 12

A description of the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable

Question 13

Experimenter bias

Answer 13

A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

Question 14

Demand characteristics

Answer 14

Clues participants discover about the purpose of the study that suggest how they should respond

Question 15

Single-blind procedure

Answer 15

Research design in which participants don’t know whether they are in experimental or control group

Question 16

Double-blind procedure

Answer 16

Research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group

Question 17

Placebo

Answer 17

A physical or psychological treatment given to the control group that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group, but that contains no active ingredient

Question 18

Placebo effect

Answer 18

A response to belief that the independent variable will have an effect, rather than the actual effect of the independent variable, which can be a confounding variable

Question 19

Reliability

Answer 19

Consistency or repeatability of results

Question 20

Validity

Answer 20

The extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict

Question 21

Statistics

Answer 21

A field that involves the analysis of numerical data about representative samples of populations