Chapter 2

Question 1

Our body cells nuclei contains __ pairs of __ that are made up of __. Each __ contains segments called __, each of which influences a particular trait or the developmental pattern.

Answer 1

1. 23
2. Chromosome.
3. DNA
4. Chromosome
5. Genes

Question 2

__ and __ interact with the environment to shape health/ well being.
__ is affected by development (in utero), enviro, chemicals, drugs, aging, etc.

Answer 2

1. Genetics, epigenetic

2. Epigenetics

Question 3

Genotype vs Phenotype

Answer 3

1. Genotype is the specific genetic material on individual chromosomes
2. Phenotype is the observed characteristics

Question 4

Dominant-recessive patern

Answer 4

A single dominant gene strongly influences phenotype

Question 5

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 5

Many genes influence the phenotype. There are many polygenic traits in which the dominant recessive pattern is also at work (eye color, hair color, etc)

Question 6

Multifactorial inheritance

Answer 6

Genes and environment influence physical traits.

Question 7

Mitochondrial Inheritance

Answer 7

Inherit genes that are carried in structures called mitochondria which are found in the fluid that surrounds the nucleus of the ovum before it is fertilized. Only passed mother to child.
Blindness can be passed this way
Inherit genes from the mothers egg

Question 8

How does and individuals genetic makeup affect the environment?

Answer 8

1. Parents create the child’s environment
2. Children’s behaviour influences the environment
3. Inherited traits influence the child’s interpretation of events

Question 9

Genetics and epigenetics

Answer 9

Our genome accounts for only one aspect of heredity influences.
Epigenetics: study of changes stemming from modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code
Epigenome: the sum total of inherited and acquired molecular modifications to the genome that leads to changes in gene regulation without changing the DNA sequence of the genome.
Epigenetic markers regulate gene expression by turning genes on and off (expression vs silencing)
Affected by development (in utero), environment, chemicals, drugs, aging , diet. (no change in DNA sequence)

Question 10

Rats and epigenetics

Answer 10

a mother rat’s increased postnatal levels of feeding and grooming her pups resulted in calmer rat pups by actually altering the molecular epigenetic structures in the rat pups. These early-life epigenetic changes persist into adulthood.
Preliminary research suggests that acquired epigenetic traits linked to chromosome structure alterations can also be transferred across generation in humans

Question 11

Behavioural epigenetics

Answer 11

The study of how the environment and personal behaviour can cause epigenetic changes that affect gene expression, resulting in changes to behaviour and psychological process over the course of a life and across generations

Question 12

Ethology

Answer 12

Ethology emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviours that are assumed to have evolved through natural selection. For example, nests are necessary for the survival of young birds. Therefore, ethologists say, evolution has equipped birds with nest-building genes.

Genetically determined survival behaviours that are assumed to have evolved through natural selection.
The trait that serves a positive role to survival in humanity will be SELECTED FOR in genetics.

Question 13

Behaviour genetics

Answer 13

Traits are influenced by genes - when related people are more similar than those who are unrelated ◦See connections between generations within the same family.
Behaviour genetics is the study of the role of heredity in individual differences.

Question 14

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 14

The view that genetically inherited cognitive social traits have evolved through natural selection.
He believes in the mind like the body has been shaped by natural selection.

Question 15

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Answer 15

Genetically inherited, cognitive and social characteristics promote survival and adaptations at different times across the lifespan (programmed with predispositions) Basically a mixture of nature and nurture (genes and environment interact to form personality etc)

Question 16

Evolutionary Prenatal Programming and Adult health and disease

Answer 16

Changing ones lifestyle habits later in life to reduce
the risk of disease.
Diseases have roots in early life (think of the 100 year effect)
Predictive-adaptive responses: the prenate’s ability to use information about the current environment to adjust its
physiology in anticipation that it will match future environmental conditions and optimize the chances to survive and
reproduce in adulthood

Question 17

Research report

Answer 17

A gene variation, which may have aided adaptation for generations, can suddenly give rise to an epidemic when lifestyle behaviours are altered.

Type 2 diabetes is three times as prevalent in First Nations people as in the general population

20% of First Nations people live with diabetes

High rates of G319S mutation

Study shows how we can study the interaction between genes and behaviour and suggests that a genetic susceptibility
interacts with multiple genetic factors

Question 18

Human Genomics

Answer 18

The study of the human genome, location of genes, their function and their role in human physical and mental health

Question 19

Human epigenomics

Answer 19

how epigenetic changes alter gene expression, which can increase the risk for developing both physical and psychological disorders

Question 20

Human genomics vs Epigenomics

Answer 20

human genomics will play a vital role in predicting and preventing diseases. Ex sickle cell anemia will have a limited impact on overall health care

epigenetic factors may prove to be the proverbial “missing link” that helps us explain how nurture interacts with nature.

Question 21

Epigenetics

Answer 21

the genetic codes that you got from your mother and your father determines many things about you and are
expressed all the time (genetic code is found in every chromosome in your body)

Question 22

100 year effect

Answer 22

means that nutrition flows across generations from one person to the next through
mothers in each successive generation, and this nutritional flow means that you need to have good
nutrition in every single generation in order to completely reduce your risk of chronic disease

Question 23

Diabetes facts

Answer 23

In 1995: 1/50 was diabetic
In 2015: 1/8 was diabetic
◦Predicated that by 2050: 1/3 will be diabetic
70% of people who are diabetic acquire heart disease

Question 24

Psychoanalytic theories

Answer 24

assert developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour
Ex: babies putting things in their mouth. Derive more physical pleasure from their mouth than other body parts.

Question 25

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Answer 25

believed the libido to be the motivating force behind most behaviour.
behaviour is determined by conscious and unconscious processes

Libido is an instinctual sexual drive- personality structure has three parts that
develop over time (Id, Ego, and Superego)
◦Id: primitive features that are driven by an unconscious need for pleasure
(pleasure principle)
‣ Contains the libido (sexual and aggressive impulses)
‣ Present at birth
‣ Displays itself as selfish and demands gratification
◦Ego: develops around the age of 2 and focuses on the reality principle (thinking element of personality)
◦It reduces the conflict between Id and Superego by implementing defence mechanisms

Superego: develops around the age of 5 and is our internal morals (morality principle) that we learn from our same-
sex parent, that punishes our ego for any wrong through guilt

Question 26

5 Psychosexual stages

Answer 26

Freud’s 5 stages of personality development through which children move in a fixed sequence determined by maturation;
the libido is cantered on a different body part in each stage
◦If you get stuck in this phase as a child you will develop these fixations as an adult
• Oral (0-2 y/o): infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking, and babbling
◦F: smoking, overeating, passivity, and gullibility
• Anal (2-3 y/o): the child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (such as bowel and bladder control)
◦F: orderliness, parsimonious, or the opposite
• Phallic (3-7 y/o): the child learns to realize the differences between males and females and becomes aware of sexuality
◦F: vanity, recklessness or the opposite
• Latency (7-11 y/o): the child continues his or her development but sexual urges are relatively quiet
◦F: none- fixation does not normally occur at this stage
• Genital (11- adult): the growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to maturely deal with the opposite sex
◦Adults how have successfully integrated earlier stages should emerge with a sincere interest in others and mature
sexuality

Question 27

__ __ requires an environment that will satisfy the unique needs for each period.

An inadequate early environment will result in __

Answer 27

Optimum development, fixation

Question 28

Limitations with fixations

Answer 28

They are NOT predictive and there are gaps (latency)

Fault in theory

Question 29

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Answer 29

Claimed that development results from the interaction between internal drives and cultural demands-psychosocial stages. Believed development continued through the entire lifespan.

Question 30

8 psychosocial crises

Answer 30

• The 4 childhood stages form the foundation of adult personality

Answer 31

Birth-1 year:trust vs mistrust;hope

1-3: Autonomy versus shame and doubt;will

3-6: Initiative vs guilt; purpose

6-12 Industry vs Inferiority; competence

12-18: Identity vs role confusion;fidelity

18-30: Intimacy vs isolation; love

30 to late adulthood: Generativity vs stagnation; care

Late adulthood: Integrity vs despaire; wisdom