chapter 2

Question 1

Research design matters. Why?

2 reasons

Answer 1

1) science has helped practitioners who work with individuals with autism to avoid wasting valuable time on facilitated communication that is ineffective
2) science has allowed practitioners to develop and test treatments for autism that work

Question 2

what is Prefrontal Lobotomy?

Answer 2

surgery that severs the fibres connecting the brain’s frontal lobes from the underlying thalamus

Question 3

which condition was prefrontal lobotomy used for? AND why was it later scrapped?

Answer 3

Used for schizophrenia. The problem is systematic research was not conducted, all proof was based on subjective clinical reports

Question 4

who created prefrontal lobotomy for schizophrenia?

Answer 4

Egas Moniz (nobel prize winner)

Question 5

What are the 2 methods of thinking?

Answer 5

system 1 (aka intuitive thinking): involves heuristics which is a mental shortcut that allows quick problem solving but occasionally leads to mistakes (predictable wrong)

System 2 (aka analytical thinking): requires reflectivity.

Question 6

define Heuristic

Answer 6

Mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world

Question 7

define Representative Heuristic

Answer 7

It involves making judgments by comparing things to concepts we already have in mind. While this shortcut can speed up the decision-making process, it can also lead to poor choices and stereotypes.

Ex: police who are looking for a suspect in a crime might focus disproportionately on Black people in their search, because the representativeness heuristic (and the stereotypes that they are drawing on) causes them to assume that a Black person is more likely to be a criminal than somebody from another group.

Question 8

define Availability Heuristic

Answer 8

Estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds.

Ex: Are there more trees in downtown or college? College. You didn’t count the number of trees but you used previous knowledge and came to the conclusion that downtown has many buildings.

Question 9

Define base rate

Answer 9

How common a characteristic or behaviour is the general population

Question 10

What are the 4 types of research designs?

Answer 10

1) Naturalistic observation: Watching behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation
2) case studies:Research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period.
3) correlational designs: Research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated.
4) experimental designs: random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable.

Question 11

Define Random selection and what is it the key of?

Answer 11

procedure that ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate.

Also KEY to generalizability

Question 12

Define reliability AND the 2 types of reliability

Answer 12

definition: Consistency of Measurement

2 types:

1) test-retest reliability: a reliable questionnaire wields similar scores over time
2) interrater-reliability: different people who conduct an interview or who make behavioural observations disagree on what they’re measuring. Ex: 2 people sent to do testing in clinic of the same thing but the data shows its different

Question 13

define validity

Answer 13

Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

does it actually measure what it says it does?

Question 14

Define response set

Answer 14

distorting the answers to questions to paint ourselves in a positive light

Question 15

define malingering

Answer 15

fabrication or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms designed to achieve achieve a clear-cut personal goal. Ex: someone faking an injury to obtain financial compensation

Question 16

define Self-Report Measures

Answer 16

questionnaires assessing a variety of characteristics (e.g., interests, traits)

Question 17

define Correlational Design AND what words are mostly used?

Answer 17

Research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated.

words: “associated”, “linked”,”rarely”

Question 18

what are the 2 types of correlation?

Answer 18

1) POSITIVE correlation: if x increases then y increases

2) NEGATIVE correlation: if x decreases then y increases or if x increases then y decreases

Question 19

What are the KEY ingredients to an experiment?

Answer 19

1) random assignment

2) manipulation of independent variable

Question 20

define random assignment and describe the breakdown

Answer 20

Randomly sorting participants into groups

• these groups are then broken down to the control and experiment group

Question 21

define between-subjects designs

Answer 21

comparing experimental group to control group

Question 22

define within-subject designs

Answer 22

In an experiment, each participants act as his or hers own control.

ex: only 1 group. data collected before experiments (control) and after(experimental) thus the group acts as its own control and experimental

Question 23

define independent and dependent variables

Answer 23

independent variable: Variable that an experimenter manipulates

dependent variable: Variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect.

Question 24

define the placebo effect and the solution for it.

Answer 24

Improvement resulting from the mere expectation or improvement

solution: patients must remain BLIND. not knowing what they received

Question 25

define blind

Answer 25

Unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group.

Question 26

define the Nocebo Effect

Answer 26

harm resulting from the mere expectation
of harm (e.g., voodoo doll phenomenon)

Question 27

define Experimenter Expectancy Effect

Answer 27

researcher’s hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias that outcome of a study..

Ex: participants don’t know the conditions but the researcher does

Question 28

define double blind

Answer 28

When neither researchers nor participations are aware of who’s in the experimental or control group.

Question 29

what is demand characteristics?

Answer 29

Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researchers hypothesis.

Question 30

define descriptive statistics

Answer 30

describe or summarize data in a meaningful way

Question 31

define central tendency

Answer 31

measure of the “central” scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster.

Question 32

define mean

Answer 32

average; a measure or central tendency

Question 33

define median

Answer 33

middle score in data set; a measure of central tendency

Question 34

define mode

Answer 34

Most frequent score in a data set; a measure of central tendency

Question 35

define range

Answer 35

Difference between the highest and lowest scores; a measure of dispersion

Question 36

define standard deviation

Answer 36

Measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean.

Question 37

define Inferential Statistics

Answer 37

Allows us to determine how much we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population.

Question 38

define Statistical Significance

Answer 38

Seeing if our findings would have occurred by chance. If less than 5 in 100 times (1 in 20* reduced form*) then indeed it is by chance

Question 39

define Practical Significance

Answer 39

real-world importance